Status of Leader

Usually it is perceived that the status of leader always affect the communications within the group and people with a higher status always intimidate people with a lower status since leadership is the procedure by which a leader, by influence, persuades followers to track their objectives for the team. In simpler words, leadership is an act of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement or a specialized form of social interaction †¦ in which cooperating individuals are permitted to influence and motivate others to promote the attainment of group and individual goals. From each of these perceptions, leadership engages a course of influence whereby the leader has an impact on others by inducing them to behave in a certain manner. (Lussier, 2004) In order to influence the team members, the status of the leader plays very important role. People tend to listen and obey the people from higher status. Leadership involves the possession of qualities that lead others to want to follow the leader's directives, either because they feel obligated to do so, or because they desire to do so In other words, leadership is a characteristic that is voluntarily conferred upon a person by others and involves the ability of a person to engage the active and willing cooperation of followers. Leaders come in each size, figure, and temperament — short, tall, neat, sloppy, young, old, male, and female. However, they all seem to have some, if not all, of the subsequent constituents: †¢ The first fundamental constituent of leadership is a guiding vision. The leader has a clear idea of what one desires to get professionally and personally and the strength to persist in the face of setbacks, even failures. If not one knows where one is going, and why, one cannot possibly get there. †¢ The second fundamental constituent of leadership is passion — the underlying passion for the promises of life, combined with a very particular passion for a vocation, a profession, a course of action. The leader loves what he does and loves doing it. Tolstoy said that hopes are the dreams of the waking man. Without hope, we cannot survive, much less progress. The leader who communicates passion gives hope and inspiration to other people. †¢ The next fundamental constituent of leadership is integrity. There are three essential parts of integrity: self-knowledge, candor, and maturity.   (Leadership Qualities, 2005) Hence it is the status of leader always affects the communications within the group and people with a higher status always intimidate people with a lower status References Leadership Qualities, What makes a good leader? Retrieved on September 30, 2006 from http://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/leadership-qualities.html Lussier, R.N., ; Achua, C.F. (2004). Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill, Development, (2nd Ed.). Eagan, MN: Thomsen Southwestern. ;

A Rationale for teaching the Foundation Subjects within Early Years and Primary Education

The underlying basis for the inclusion of foundation subjects within early years and primary education might not be immediately apparent, particularly for first year students studying towards qualified teacher status. This essay will, therefore, unfold the reasons for this inclusion whilst including specific reference to the enclosure of history teaching.The National Curriculum (NC), introduced in 1988 and currently undergoing revision, consists of the core subjects: English, mathematics and science; compulsory at all key stages, and the foundation subjects: art, design technology (DT), geography, history, information and communication technology (ICT), modern foreign languages (MFL), music, personal, social and health education (PSHE) and physical education (PE); most of which are compulsory at one or more of the key stages (DfE, 2013).It is also important to remember that Religious Education is included within the basic curriculum and is legally bound to be taught, however children can forego the subject at their parents request. Since 2008 the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) has become integrated within all childcare providers, except mother and toddler groups, nannies and short-term crà ¨ches, and covers the welfare and development of children (BBC). This essay will not only demonstrate a rationale for the inclusion of foundation subjects in both the EYFS and NC, but also examine how history is developed into children’s learning through both stages.Boys and Spink (2008) believe the foundation subjects and RE ‘have the potential to be the most powerful, most meaningful and most relevant areas of learning for all learners’ (p. xii). Hoodless (2008) develops this further with history, stating â€Å"the most significant reason for teaching history in primary schools is that it motivates children and captures their imaginations† (p. 2). Both statements reflect on the importance of teaching history and other foundation subjects, ye t focuses on extra-curricular benefits.History can lead to many cross-curricular links and it has been suggested by Davies and Redmond (1998) that teaching history in isolation ‘would be a horrible waste of universal discipline’ (p. 39). Looking at time-lines in history can help to develop mathematical skills, whereas art can be pulled in by the associations with drawing or painting ancient artefacts. Fines (2013) also believes in the importance of history due to its cross-curricular abilities, he says â€Å"history can contribute to learning across the whole spectrum of the curriculum and does so effectively† (p.6).As a core subject, mathematics is something that, when applicable, should always be integrated into a child’s learning. However, as a foundation subject itself, art is a skill which helps to develop children’s creativity and imagination, thus making art a valuable attribute that should be included when possible. Furthermore, childrenâ₠¬â„¢s art work is often used as displays within schools; this way of celebrating work is a great way of boasting children’s confidence as well as giving them a sense of reward.This is vital for motivation, enthusiasm and inspiration which will encourage children to get involved in further learning and therefore learn more effectively (NASP, 2003). The NC is currently undergoing revision, due for implementation into schools in September 2014. Government says the review comes from the need to catch up with the world’s best education systems. Prime Minister, David Cameron says this â€Å"revolution in education† is vital for the country's economic affluence and that it should be written by experts and not restricted to ministers' â€Å"personal prejudices† (BBC, 2013).According to The Guardian (2013) changes will be welcome across the Key Stages (KS). However, it claims that for KS1, history will not differ too much from the previous NC and that ‘the m ore noticeable changes are in KS2’. Both Key Stages will see a new stress in the importance of chronological understanding. This is a result of the 2011 Ofsted report in which it states â€Å"although pupils in primary schools generally had good knowledge†¦their chronological understanding and their ability to make links across the knowledge they had gained were weaker† (p. 5).Ofsted (2011) claimed that this was due to ‘many primary teachers not having adequate subject knowledge’ (p. 4). This developed the need for the curriculum to ensure that pupils study an overview as well as in-depth topics. The old curriculum (2000) states that pupils should be taught the knowledge, skills and understanding through: a local history study; three British history studies; a European history study; a world history study (p. 106). Whereas the Programmes of Study for the revised curriculum (2013) shifts towards how history fits together and how events from one time pe riod can affect another, maintaining that  teaching should combine overview with in-depth studies to aid pupils understanding on chronology (p. 3).In Ofsted-registered settings, children from birth to 5 years old work towards the EYFS as opposed to the NC. With regards to history, much of what this age range will learn comes from the ‘Knowledge and Understanding of the World’ aspect of the Early Learning Goals. It is expected that by the end of the foundation stage, children will ‘talk about past and present events in their own lives and in the lives of family members’ (DfE, 2012, p.9) The EYFS understands that it would be unrealistic for such young children to fully comprehend the defined body of factual information that is history, however a development of finding out about changes and passage of time is not (O’Hara and O’Hara, 2001, p. 18). There are many story books that can reveal to young children a language that identifies a concept o f ‘long ago’. Stories such as ‘When Grandma Was Young’ (Humphrey, 2000), ‘Elmer and Grandpa Eldo’ (Mckee, 2001) and ‘My Granny is a Pirate’ (Mcdermid and Robins, 2012) can invoke interest with early years children and inspire them to become inquisitive about the past.It has been suggested that time means nothing to young children. However learning to ask and answer questions through story reading will enhance their concept history. Therefore continuing to do so through the Early Learning Goals will prepare children, entering at primary level, to appreciate the importance of history (Lunn and Bishop, 2004). It is important to remember to children do not stop learning history when they finish their time at primary school. Maintained secondary schools follow the NC which maintains that all children will continue to learn history by means of the KS3 History Programmes of Study (2013).Therefore it is important to prepare children for mo re challenging and precise history learning. New topics shall be introduced so it is important children have the skills to ‘identify significant events, make connections, draw contrasts, and analyse trends’ (p. 72). It is, furthermore, defined that pupils will ‘pursue historically valid enquiries including some they have framed themselves’ (p. 72). This indicates towards children becoming independent critical thinkers, a valuable quality to have in adult life, this alone is a fundamental reason for the inclusion of history in the NC (DfE, 2013).Hoodless (2008) believes that history offers a range opportunities to overcome barriers in learning, with specific reference to gender, class and ethnic and cultural backgrounds. She believes that there are many ways to teach history to make it inclusive to everyone and says that â€Å"inclusive practise involves treating each individual with respect, included them equally in whatever is taking place and responding appropriately to their different needs† (p. 140). She argues that history education can reach individuals in different ways because of the many approaches and strategies used to teach it.For example, a child who struggles to read can be given visual sources to aid their learning rather than long pieces of text, thus benefitting the child more (p. 135). Another underlying reason for teaching history is because of the opportunities it can give to children from minority ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Although sensitivity must be empathised, using cases of past civilisations to stimulate an identification of how prejudgments, such as racism, sexism or any other type of discrimination, arose can then contribute to eliminating them (p.139).Boys and Spink (2008) expands on this by proposing that the history curriculum should be ‘culturally relevant to all pupils’ (p. 71). The United Kingdom has become a diverse multicultural society over the years. Consequently, Boys a nd Spink (2008) suggest that the NC study unit ‘Britain since 1948’ provides an opportunity to explore the Commonwealth immigration (p. 71). Exploring such a topic will provide children with an understanding of different culture’s arrivals into the United Kingdom which they might otherwise not ever be educated on.As part of the Professional Standards for qualified teacher status (QTS), teachers are expected to demonstrate that they are able to plan opportunities for children to learn in out-of-school environments (DfE, 2013, p. 8). Such settings as, museums, theatres, school visits, fieldwork and employment-based locations can all be used as a means for enriching children’s learning. From birth children are trying to make sense of their multi-sensory environment, making them active learners. To limit children’s learning to the classroom would be a shameful waste of the valuable resources that are on offer to enhance their education.Out-of-school lea rning helps to develop skills including decision-making, group work and critical thinking, all of which are key attributes to have. Hoodless et al. (2003) takes this further by saying that ‘the sensory experiences help all kinds of learner to remember and learn from the locality and its inhabitants’ (p. 136). Outside learning can be restricted to the school’s boundaries or the close localities and still offer the same benefits. The school itself can be studied for design elements that can be analysed to identify the age of the building.Taking a short walk out the school grounds can provide a wealth of people, building and landscapes that children can learn from. It is important to remember, however, the risk assessments that need to be carried out in order for these events to take place. In many cases consent from the parent will need to be given in order to take children out of school. It is also essential to prepare clearly structured learning objectives in ord er to achieve greatly from out-of-school learning and make the most of the time dedicated to such pedagogy (Hoodless, 2003, p.137-140).Furthermore, with the threatened return of rickets in children recently, giving them more chances to study outside could prevent this. The Telegraph (2013) reported that the increase has come from children spending ‘too much time indoors on computers and gaming consoles’ which is why incorporating outdoor study into children’s learning will benefit them entirely. Finally, multiple reviews of the foundation subjects within the curriculum only reflect on the commitment for enriching children’s learning that government have (Boys and Spink, 2008, p.xii). Foundation subjects influence cross-curricular and out-of-school learning, making them more appealing and beneficial for children. Additionally, Johnston (2002) talks of how young children [in the EYFS] develop knowledge of how the world works by exploring the world around the m. She says â€Å"the wider their informal experiences, the broader and deeper will be their understandings† (p. 24). This suggests that the integration of foundation learning within the EYFS is the source of children’s initial understanding of the world they live in.The need to develop a sense of history learning in the EYFS has been addressed by looking at the importance of invoking interest about the past. Furthermore, Ofsted (2011) found that history was a ‘popular and successful subject, which many pupils enjoyed’ (p. 5). This statement alone could be the rationale for teaching history in primary schools. A subject that can captivate students and encourage them to learn more is an underlying reason for that subject to be taught. A Rationale for teaching the Foundation Subjects within Early Years and Primary Education The underlying basis for the inclusion of foundation subjects within early years and primary education might not be immediately apparent, particularly for first year students studying towards qualified teacher status. This essay will, therefore, unfold the reasons for this inclusion whilst including specific reference to the enclosure of history teaching.The National Curriculum (NC), introduced in 1988 and currently undergoing revision, consists of the core subjects: English, mathematics and science; compulsory at all key stages, and the foundation subjects: art, design technology (DT), geography, history, information and communication technology (ICT), modern foreign languages (MFL), music, personal, social and health education (PSHE) and physical education (PE); most of which are compulsory at one or more of the key stages (DfE, 2013).It is also important to remember that Religious Education is included within the basic curriculum and is legally bound to be taught, however children can forego the subject at their parents request. Since 2008 the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) has become integrated within all childcare providers, except mother and toddler groups, nannies and short-term creches, and covers the welfare and development of children (BBC). This essay will not only demonstrate a rationale for the inclusion of foundation subjects in both the EYFS and NC, but also examine how history is developed into children’s learning through both stages.Boys and Spink (2008) believe the foundation subjects and RE ‘have the potential to be the most powerful, most meaningful and most relevant areas of learning for all learners’ (p. xii). Hoodless (2008) develops this further with history, stating â€Å"the most significant reason for teaching history in primary schools is that it motivates children and captures their imaginations† (p. 2). Both statements reflect on the importance of teaching history and other foundation subjects, yet f ocuses on extra-curricular benefits.History can lead to many cross-curricular links and it has been suggested by Davies and Redmond (1998) that teaching history in isolation ‘would be a horrible waste of universal discipline’ (p. 39). Looking at time-lines in history can help to develop mathematical skills, whereas art can be pulled in by the associations with drawing or painting ancient artefacts. Fines (2013) also believes in the importance of history due to its cross-curricular abilities, he says â€Å"history can contribute to learning across the whole spectrum of the curriculum and does so effectively† (p.6).As a core subject, mathematics is something that, when applicable, should always be integrated into a child’s learning. However, as a foundation subject itself, art is a skill which helps to develop children’s creativity and imagination, thus making art a valuable attribute that should be included when possible. Furthermore, childrenâ€℠¢s art work is often used as displays within schools; this way of celebrating work is a great way of boasting children’s confidence as well as giving them a sense of reward.This is vital for motivation, enthusiasm and inspiration which will encourage children to get involved in further learning and therefore learn more effectively (NASP, 2003). The NC is currently undergoing revision, due for implementation into schools in September 2014. Government says the review comes from the need to catch up with the world’s best education systems. Prime Minister, David Cameron says this â€Å"revolution in education† is vital for the country's economic affluence and that it should be written by experts and not restricted to ministers' â€Å"personal prejudices† (BBC, 2013).According to The Guardian (2013) changes will be welcome across the Key Stages (KS). However, it claims that for KS1, history will not differ too much from the previous NC and that ‘the more noticeable changes are in KS2’. Both Key Stages will see a new stress in the importance of chronological understanding. This is a result of the 2011 Ofsted report in which it states â€Å"although pupils in primary schools generally had good knowledge†¦their chronological understanding and their ability to make links across the knowledge they had gained were weaker† (p. 5).Ofsted (2011) claimed that this was due to ‘many primary teachers not having adequate subject knowledge’ (p. 4). This developed the need for the curriculum to ensure that pupils study an overview as well as in-depth topics. The old curriculum (2000) states that pupils should be taught the knowledge, skills and understanding through: a local history study; three British history studies; a European history study; a world history study (p. 106).Whereas the Programmes of Study for the revised curriculum (2013) shifts towards how history fits together and how events from one time period can affect another, maintaining that  teaching should combine overview with in-depth studies to aid pupils understanding on chronology (p. 3). In Ofsted-registered settings, children from birth to 5 years old work towards the EYFS as opposed to the NC. With regards to history, much of what this age range will learn comes from the ‘Knowledge and Understanding of the World’ aspect of the Early Learning Goals. It is expected that by the end of the foundation stage, children will ‘talk about past and present events in their own lives and in the lives of family members’ (DfE, 2012, p.  9)The EYFS understands that it would be unrealistic for such young children to fully comprehend the defined body of factual information that is history, however a development of finding out about changes and passage of time is not (O’Hara and O’Hara, 2001, p. 18). There are many story books that can reveal to young children a language that identifies a concept o f ‘long ago’. Stories such as ‘When Grandma Was Young’ (Humphrey, 2000), ‘Elmer and Grandpa Eldo’ (Mckee, 2001) and ‘My Granny is a Pirate’ (Mcdermid and Robins, 2012) can invoke interest with early years children and inspire them to become inquisitive about the past.It has been suggested that time means nothing to young children. However learning to ask and answer questions through story reading will enhance their concept history. Therefore continuing to do so through the Early Learning Goals will prepare children, entering at primary level, to appreciate the importance of history (Lunn and Bishop, 2004). It is important to remember to children do not stop learning history when they finish their time at primary school. Maintained secondary schools follow the NC which maintains that all children will continue to learn history by means of the KS3 History Programmes of Study (2013).Therefore it is important to prepare children for mo re challenging and precise history learning. New topics shall be introduced so it is important children have the skills to ‘identify significant events, make connections, draw contrasts, and analyse trends’ (p. 72). It is, furthermore, defined that pupils will ‘pursue historically valid enquiries including some they have framed themselves’ (p. 72). This indicates towards children becoming independent critical thinkers, a valuable quality to have in adult life, this alone is a fundamental reason for the inclusion of history in the NC (DfE, 2013).Hoodless (2008) believes that history offers a range opportunities to overcome barriers in learning, with specific reference to gender, class and ethnic and cultural backgrounds. She believes that there are many ways to teach history to make it inclusive to everyone and says that â€Å"inclusive practise involves treating each individual with respect, included them equally in whatever is taking place and responding appropriately to their different needs† (p. 140). She argues that history education can reach individuals in different ways because of the many approaches and strategies used to teach it.For example, a child who struggles to read can be given visual sources to aid their learning rather than long pieces of text, thus benefitting the child more (p. 135). Another underlying reason for teaching history is because of the opportunities it can give to children from minority ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Although sensitivity must be empathised, using cases of past civilisations to stimulate an identification of how prejudgments, such as racism, sexism or any other type of discrimination, arose can then contribute to eliminating them (p.  139).Boys and Spink (2008) expands on this by proposing that the history curriculum should be ‘culturally relevant to all pupils’ (p. 71). The United Kingdom has become a diverse multicultural society over the years. Consequently, Bo ys and Spink (2008) suggest that the NC study unit ‘Britain since 1948’ provides an opportunity to explore the Commonwealth immigration (p. 71). Exploring such a topic will provide children with an understanding of different culture’s arrivals into the United Kingdom which they might otherwise not ever be educated on.As part of the Professional Standards for qualified teacher status (QTS), teachers are expected to demonstrate that they are able to plan opportunities for children to learn in out-of-school environments (DfE, 2013, p. 8). Such settings as, museums, theatres, school visits, fieldwork and employment-based locations can all be used as a means for enriching children’s learning. From birth children are trying to make sense of their multi-sensory environment, making them active learners. To limit children’s learning to the classroom would be a shameful waste of the valuable resources that are on offer to enhance their education.Out-of-school learning helps to develop skills including decision-making, group work and critical thinking, all of which are key attributes to have. Hoodless et al. (2003) takes this further by saying that ‘the sensory experiences help all kinds of learner to remember and learn from the locality and its inhabitants’ (p. 136). Outside learning can be restricted to the school’s boundaries or the close localities and still offer the same benefits. The school itself can be studied for design elements that can be analysed to identify the age of the building.Taking a short walk out the school grounds can provide a wealth of people, building and landscapes that children can learn from. It is important to remember, however, the risk assessments that need to be carried out in order for these events to take place. In many cases consent from the parent will need to be given in order to take children out of school. It is also essential to prepare clearly structured learning objectives in order to achieve greatly from out-of-school learning and make the most of the time dedicated to such pedagogy (Hoodless, 2003, p.  137-140).Furthermore, with the threatened return of rickets in children recently, giving them more chances to study outside could prevent this. The Telegraph (2013) reported that the increase has come from children spending ‘too much time indoors on computers and gaming consoles’ which is why incorporating outdoor study into children’s learning will benefit them entirely. Finally, multiple reviews of the foundation subjects within the curriculum only reflect on the commitment for enriching children’s learning that government have (Boys and Spink, 2008, p.  xii).Foundation subjects influence cross-curricular and out-of-school learning, making them more appealing and beneficial for children. Additionally, Johnston (2002) talks of how young children [in the EYFS] develop knowledge of how the world works by exploring the world around them. She says â€Å"the wider their informal experiences, the broader and deeper will be their understandings† (p. 24). This suggests that the integration of foundation learning within the EYFS is the source of children’s initial understanding of the world they live in.The need to develop a sense of history learning in the EYFS has been addressed by looking at the importance of invoking interest about the past. Furthermore, Ofsted (2011) found that history was a ‘popular and successful subject, which many pupils enjoyed’ (p. 5). This statement alone could be the rationale for teaching history in primary schools. A subject that can captivate students and encourage them to learn more is an underlying reason for that subject to be taught.

Emotional Functioning And Social Competence

This article is more of a research paper and review on previous studies than new experimental findings. This paper tries to make a connection between emotional functioning and social competence (popularity) of a child. The definition used in this paper of social competence is â€Å"the ability to be effective in the realization of social goals. † This can also be viewed as the ability to influence peers and their activities. Peers of the children were chosen as the source of competence evaluations. This research was based on six different emotional functions and abilities. Children’s understanding of emotions, their identification of their own emotions, emotion regulation, practice of emotion display rules, their sympathetic response, and their mood states. Understanding of emotions seems very closely correlated to peer social status of a child. The ability to understand emotions also implies the ability to judge the social context in many situations, allowing the child to make â€Å"relevant comments and [engage] in group-oriented behavior. † This ability allows the child to â€Å"engage successfully in cooperative play for sustained periods of time. † There was no direct evidence that the ability to identify one’s own emotion has an impact on social competence of a child. However, it is logical that being able to identify one’s own emotions would help understand the emotional states of others. Emotion regulation also seems to play a key role in the social competence of a child. Most children realize that they are in charge of their emotions and that emotions can be altered. As children get older, successful play will require more self control because there will be many situations where â€Å"negotiation of conflict† is necessary. Children who are able to display more self-control will be perceived as a more desirable play partners. It has also been found that â€Å"social popularity is inversely related to overt anger incidents. † It seems that the more popular children are better at coping with anger inducing situations. The concept of emotional display rules is similar to emotion regulation. Emotional display rules are the rules that are followed so as to keep the peace and balance in a social setting. Certain emotions are not appropriate for some situations. It is difficult to quantitatively assess how well a child uses emotional display rules, but it follows logically that a child who is well liked by his peers will be able to properly display or mask his emotions in a given situation. Since sympathy requires one to be â€Å"other-oriented,† meaning understanding the distress of others from their point of view, it would require some emotional control. Both teachers and peers describe popular children as more cooperative and helpful than the average child, and rejected children as less helpful. However, there was no direct evidence for concluding that social status can be predicted from sympathetic responding. Mood states of a child can also be a factor in whether that child is a desirable playmate or not. Children who routinely display positive moods are better liked by their peers. Moody children tend to be disliked by their peers. However, it is difficult to determine cause and effect of this. From this article, a child’s social status and popularity has great correlation to the emotional functionality of that child. We do not always know, as with many other psychological studies, what the cause is and what the effect is. This seems to be the case with the mood states of the children. However, in all the other cases, the cause seems to be the emotional functionality of the child and the effect is popularity. So should we teach our children to be more emotionally stable and functional? Should we make our children conform to society’s standards to be â€Å"popular? † I see nothing wrong with it. We can make our society more utopian by making sure that our children are emotionally functional and that all the children are accepted by each other. As those children grow to be adults, they can be more cooperative and productive, making a overall better society.

History response 11 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History response 11 - Assignment Example anticipated that Castro was someone he may well work with, since Cuban leader explored New York and Washington seeking both public and official support. But affiliations deteriorated after the Cuba’s Agrarian transformation rule nationalized land possessed by American firms. Both corporate lobbyists and Cold War hawks soon portrayed Castro as a Soviet threat on America’s doorstep. As tensions increased, Castro sent Che Guevara to Moscow and Beijing to shore up support for his regime while the Eisenhower administration drew up plans for invasion. Having this and Che being a Chinese collaborator, the relations between China and Britain melted. At present day, therefore, the medium of exchange has changed to numerous mediums unlike opium which was used in the former years by china and Britain(Goscha et al 7). ` The Great Leap scheme that was founded by Mao’s authority was unsuccessful. The steel formed in small shared furnaces was practically ineffective coupled with food production that plunged since many people died in the scarcity that resulted. By 1961 the collapse of the Great Leap Forward guided the more realistic â€Å"experts† in the Communist Party to lessen Mao’s authority slowly while renewing rationality to financial preparation (Goscha et al 30). Yet still, Mao’s conviction in the power of ground-breaking eagerness would inspire a younger age group of revolutionaries. Guevara was amongst those involved in the Chinese replica as an option to both free enterprise (capitalism) and the heavy Soviet form of technocratic communism (Goscha et al 41). This shows both a good example of youth culture as seen in schemes that he formed and also a bad instance on the youth, signified by his failures on food

Is there evidence that Withania somnifera is effective in tumor Dissertation

Is there evidence that Withania somnifera is effective in tumor suppression - Dissertation Example At present, plant products have already been used as a standard chemotherapeutic agent. For example, vinblastine (from periwinkle (Catharanthus)) and paclitaxel (from Yew tree (genus Taxus)) are already a part of chemotherapeutic options used against cancer (Choudhary et al., 2010). Because a high number of individuals still suffer from cancer, the search is still ongoing for the compound, both natural and synthetic, that can hopefully decrease the cancer-caused mortality rate considerably. Withania somnifera, commonly called as Ashwagandha, is a member of Solanaceae family, together with Nicotiana (tobacco), Solanum (potato), and Capsicum (pepper). In herbal medicine, W. somnifera has already been used against various health conditions. In Pakistan, it has been used against respiratory problems (Choudhary et al., 2010). In India, it has been recognized as an aphrodisiac and invigorating medicine (Choudhary et al., 2010). The plant is also used against intestinal ulcers, rectal bleed ing and irritable bowel (Pawar et al., 2011). Several withanolides isolated from Ashwagandha were also found to possess anti-glycation, possibly against diabetes, and anti-pyretic effects (Choudhary et al., 2010). ... EVIDENCE OF TUMOR SUPPRESSION ACTIVITY OF Withania somniferous In this literature review, four journal articles, ranging from 2003 to 2011, were looked into. Most of the methods used by these studies are in vitro, and only one using in vivo, although in an experimental model (rats). Google scholar was used as a search engine, with the results limited to 2000 to 2011. The search terms used were â€Å"Withania somnifera cancer†. Later in this paper, the quality of the research would be assessed mostly based on the methods used in the purification and activity assays. Activity of crude methanolic extract against NCI-H460 Compounds from the leaves and stems of W. somnifera were tested for its anti-proliferative activity against human lung cancer cell line NCI-H460 in vitro. In this study by Choudhary et al. (2010), tested for growth inhibitory and cytotoxic activities were the (1) crude methanolic extract of W. somnifera, (2-4) three isolates, and the positive control (5) doxorubi cin. The isolates were obtained using silica gel chromatography. They were then characterized using mass spectrometry and NMR. One of the three compounds were identified as withaferin A, while the other two were found to be its chlorinated steroidal lactone and epoxide derivatives, respectively. In testing their activity, GI50, or the concentration causing 50% growth inhibition of NCI-H460 cells, and LC50, or the concentration causing the death of 50% of the same cancer cell line, were measured for all the five test substances. The obtained data were compared using one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05) using SPSS 17 program. Finally, the report also mentioned the presence of other studies that confirm the growth inhibitory activity of withaferin A against other

Problems and Issues of Childhood Obesity Research Paper

Problems and Issues of Childhood Obesity - Research Paper Example This essay "Problems and Issues of Childhood Obesity" outlines the consequences of the obesity and the steps that should be taken to stop it. When children take much of the beverages such as soda and juice boxes, they increase their chances of contracting the obesity. Therefore, large soda bottle quantities should not be advertised where the children are since they promote obesity epidemic. The number of children consuming soda has increased by 300% for the last 20 years. This shows the rate at which children are at risk of being obese. It is, therefore, documented that, there has been a 60% increase in obesity due to this increase in consumption of soda by children. Such beverages as soda contain some amount of calories that contributes to obesity, and currently, it is estimated that 20% of the children are overweight due to the contributions of calories intake in beverages. It has been noted that children of the current world show a great reduction in physical activity. With the cu rrent growth in use of technology such as computers, watching television and their rest, most children tend to remain non-mobile as they can do almost everything they want at a sitting. Physical education has also greatly reduced in our schools making the children neglect physical activity. All these new factors of life have made children adopt a sedentary lifestyle which make them attract the disposing factors of becoming obese. The current sedentary lifestyle that has been adopted by children also contribute to the increase of the obesity epidemic.

The Process of Applying for a Degree at CSU Assignment

The Process of Applying for a Degree at CSU - Assignment Example Next, click the next icon at the bottom or on any sections outlined on the left line to move to a dissimilar screen. Your data will be inspected for inconsistencies and errors. If omissions or mistakes are realized, you will be taken back to the screen to correct the responses. Otherwise, your information will be saved to allow you proceed. Put in mind that if you use the jump or Skip button on your left, information on that screen will not be saved and you will be required to re-enter your data. Next, click the next icon at the bottom or on any sections outlined on the left line to move to a dissimilar screen. Your data will be inspected for inconsistencies and errors. If omissions or mistakes are realized, you will be taken back to the screen to correct the responses. Otherwise, your information will be saved to allow you proceed. Put in mind that if you use the jump or Skip button on your left, information on that screen will not be saved and you will be required to re-enter your data before submission.   After completing the application, click on the â€Å"SUBMIT† icon positioned on the left side of the column to present the application.   I look forward to your applications. For any questions, please conduct me as soon as possible on my Email address; gitzbay@hotmail.com.  

Geology of the Great Basin area Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Geology of the Great Basin area - Essay Example The floor of the valleys of great basin is four or five thousand feet above sea level (Fiero, 9). Surface water is removed from the basin not by drainage but by evaporation alone (Fiero, 9). There are many streams flowing through the basin like tributaries of the Deschutes, John Day, Owyhee, and snake river (Fiero, 8). The tributaries of Colorado have created deep canyons in the southern part of the great basin. But the most important feature of Great Basin is â€Å"interior drainage of rivers and streams into remnant pleistocene lakes or playas† (Sturtevant and D’Azevedo, 6). The geological character of the great basin comes under the category, ‘Basin and Range’, which is a geological region with â€Å"uplifted and tilted ranges separated by broad elongated basins† (Fiero, 9). Great basin, is geologically, a part of the Basin and range that spreads over Nevada, Utah, Oregone, Idaho, Wyoming and also New Mexico and Arizona (Sturtevant and D’Az evedo, 6). There are geological evidences showing the existence of â€Å"deep lakes and rushing rivers† in pre-historical period, in the Great Basin (Sturtevant and D’Azevedo, 33). In the northern part, the basin has volcanic lava covers amounting to thousands of feet depth (Fiero, 9). Around 2000 and 1000 B.C., the Mount Mazama had erupted and this was the source of lava and volcanic ash spread over the north of Great Basin (Sturtevant and D’Azevedo, 35).

The Human Microbiota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Human Microbiota - Essay Example The gut microbiome takes part in broad range host related processes and has remarkable effect on human health (Greenblum, Peter and Elhanan 1). The gut microbiome has been straightforwardly caught up in the etiopathogenesis of a number of pathological conditions. These include: inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD’s), Autism, Circulatory disease and Obesity. In addition to that, gut microbiome also influence: immune system response as well as conditioning, dietary calorific availability, post-surgical recovery and drug toxicity plus metabolism. Gut Microbiome as well conducts significant physiological roles that define the host, such as: intestinal response, immune system maturation, xenobiotic as well as energy metabolism and epithelial cell injury repair (Kinross, Ara and Jeremy 1). The gut microbiome, in most mammals, mainly consists of 4 bacterial phyla that execute most of the various physiological processes in the host, these include: Actino-bacteria, Fermicutes, Proteobacteria as well as Bacteriodetes. Every host has a characteristic biological association with its gut microbiome plus by definition this controls individual threat of disease. Recent advances in systems biology founded on the next generation ‘omics’ techniques have been able to explain the gut microbiome comprehensively at a functional (proteomic, metabolic as well as transcriptomic) and genetic level. Consequently, these studies have generated new knowledge about the gut microbiome’s genetic variability among individuals, species as well as populations. Furthermore, the studies have highlighted the significance of gut microbiome to human health (Kinross, Ara and Jeremy 1). Being aware of the genetic variation of gut microbiomes, within as well as among hosts, would assist in gaining insight into the evolutionary forces that shape these communities. Furthermore, studying the genetic variation of human gut microbiome may well provide insight into budding relations

Journal on Poems Essay Example for Free

Journal on Poems Essay The poem portrays the definitions of sanity and madness. However, these definitions vary from the perspective of people and the surroundings as pointed out in the second line. In other words, the poem points out that for certain people, something normal is considered insane and vice versa. 2. The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Basically, for me, the poem depicted a common experience in life wherein one makes a choice between two things and then wonders what could’ve happened had he or she took the other option. The situation shown in the poem reflects a reality that everyone faces in life which is making a choice and standing by that decision. However, as illustrated in the poem, despite the choices people make regarding, for example, careers and business ventures, there will also be times that one doubts whether he or she made the right decision or not. 3. Design by Robert Frost The poem basically illustrates that most of the time the world’s beauty can be appreciated through observing the natural things such as the spider and the moth. In addition, as the title suggests, life is basically a design. It is natural for a spider to eat the moth as it was designed to do so. However, since the spider killed the moth, the author also wonders why the â€Å"designer† allows such a thing to happen. In short, while the author acknowledges the beauty natural order of things, he also questions why horrible events, such as death, happen. 4. Mending Wall by Robert Frost Initially, the poem suggests that there are no need for walls between neighbors as this suggests division. However, at the end, although the speaker in the poem still did not favor the construction of a wall between him and his neighbor, he acknowledged the fact that walls are important as these set boundaries and limitations. Basically, the poem also illustrates that in real life, â€Å"walls† or boundaries, which are best exemplified by laws and rules, are necessary to maintain order. 5. Cross by Langston Hughes The poem clearly depicts the speaker’s confusion about his identity. As the title of the poem says, the speaker is a â€Å"cross† between a white man and a black woman and is confused about his true identity. He also wonders if he would share the same fate of his mother and father and yearns to know where he really belongs to. The poem also depicts two realities in life which are discrimination and racism. Basically, the poem suggests that if these two did not exist, the speaker would not have to long for acceptance and would not have to search for his identity.

Risks and Benefits of Children Using the Internet

Risks and Benefits of Children Using the Internet INTRODUCTION Technology tools such as radio, television, telephones, computers, and the Internet can provide access to knowledge in sectors such as entertainment, education and human rights, offering a new realm of choices that enable the person to improve their knowledge for future needs. The curiosity of the Internet makes children and young people to try to know or learn as much as possible about new things to be more advanced than adults in using the Internet. Optimists view the emergence of the Internet as a chance for democratic and community-based participation, for creativity, self-expression and play, and to enhance the expansion of knowledge, whereas pessimists lament the end of childhood, innocence, traditional values and authority (Livingstone, 2002) Children are being described as the ICT generation or the computer generation in information and communication with this technology. Now, many children know more than or as much as their parents or teachers know about these technologies. This scenario shows that internet can be one of the tools to develop the children knowledge in this new urban life. When a child has a project or homework to do, the internet is a portal to extensive amounts of information, a superb resource for children nowadays. There are many useful sources to be found, such as libraries, bookstores, news room and even virtual school. While the Internet is an amazing resource, parents have reasonable concerns about how they can secure a wholly beneficial Internet experience for the children. There are few risks for children who use online services such as internet. Children are particularly at risk because they often use the computer unsupervised and because they are more likely than young people to participate in online discussions regarding companionship, relationships, or social activities. In another survey, it was disclosed that 9 out of 10 children and teenagers between 8-16 years old had seen pornographic websites accidentally while searching for information for their school home-works (Utusan Malaysia, 2005) Maximizing the benefit of the internet for children may require more than just controlling what they have access to but to monitor how much time their child spends online, whom the child come in contact with online, and what is viewed. In a newspaper column, a journalist relates the flow of harmful information in the Internet with escalating numbers of murder and rape by young juveniles in the year 2003 in Malaysia (Abdul Malek, 2004). Some solution can be implemented to balance the abundant educational value with the need for security and protection. Something entirely new is the idea of a web browser with filtering because children are anxious to explore cyberspace, so parents need to supervise their children and give them guidance about using the Internet. Filters can give parents and guardians a false sense of security to believe that children are protected when they are not around. However, did the use of this web filters provide more benefits in the development of knowledge or it just constrain for children learning process through internet. For these such of reasons, the aim of this study is to examine the kind of monitor the children that participate in the activities by using web filter software and to know how the use give a significant or effect to development of children knowledge in learning process through internet. The underlying of these reasons also, there are several questions that need to be resolved in order to answer some questions that may arise in this paper: Can be internet be beneficial to development of children knowledge? Can we allowing the children to make full use of internet outweigh the risks of exposing to harmful or inappropriate content to them? How dangerous exactly is the internet for unsupervised children? Do the benefits of using web filter in controlling children activities through internet? Is it practical/ necessary to monitor the availability of internet content to children? Who should responsible for this? Method In this study also involved a survey aimed at obtaining a general view of the concern about the development of childrens knowledge through the Internet. Target respondents for this paper is in an area of housing in urban areas of the Taman Bukit Kemuning, Section 32 Shah Alam that most residents here have the internet as a tool as one way of living. The survey involved responses via questionnaire to be answered by the parents of 20 families who have children under the age of 6 to 17 years and have Internet service at home. This range of ages had been chose because most of children at these ages are fascinating in using internet seeking materials or information for homework while they currently still study in school. Of the total respondents, 12 of which are made up by mothers and the rest are among fathers. From the survey results will conclude a few questions and the actual scenario happens and also about topics discussed through the feedback given by them. Development of Children Knowledge through Internet The participation of children and young people in the Internet is considered a positive development towards enhancing their educational skills and knowledge. This type of skills is more than accessing an online encyclopedia and looking up a subject. It is making use of sites that are designed specifically to help them with their homework. Some online services provide specific areas to assist with homework given by teachers, including the ability to send questions or homework problems through e-mail to the experts in that subject area and receive responses within seconds. In Malaysia, the full support and encouragement from the Malaysian government to the use of ICT in schools can be seen from the development of Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) and other programs related to ICT such as provide and increase the number of computer laboratories to facilitate schools in Malaysia whether in urban or rural areas(Syahirah, 2006). A total of 70% of respondents said they provide Internet service at home is to facilities for their children to develop their learning process. Only 25% said it was for equipment for their own work and 5% were said to provide Internet services because it is considered a mandatory tool in every home today. This shows that parents today are also aware of the importance of the Internet as a learning tool for children in exploring their knowledge to be more advance than others. Many of people communicate through e-mail with family and friends around the world and use the social network website and chat engine to make new friends who share common interests and children are not excluded. The Potential Risks of the Internet on Children The Internet has changed the way we communicate, learn and live by opening up our world to endless possibilities. The Internet has an amazing potential as a learning and communication tool, but it also contains hidden threats to the safety and well-being of children, including online gaming sites that can result in unhealthy addiction, cyber bullying and victimization through mobile phones that can bring about severe consequences to a childs self-confidence and personal development, as well as exploitative marketing that may have financial consequences on the child and his parents. Another threat that may not be immediately obvious but is of great concern is the potential for children to be exposed to sexual harassment, exploitation and pornography through online chats and social networking sites. Children are also vulnerable as targets of fraudsters who try to gain knowledge about them to abuse, terrorize, blackmail, steal or even kidnap them. Besides, they also expose to inappropriate and potentially dangerous contact. The predators may use the Internet to befriend vulnerable children and teens by pretending to be another child or a trustworthy adult, or by playing on teens desire for romance and adventure, and then trying to persuade kids to meet them in person. The children are also potential risk by the cyber bullies. Most people play nice online, but some use the Internet to harass, belittle, or try to intimidate others. Attacks may range from name calling to physical threats and are rarely seen by parents. Furthermore, the children are also invasion of their privacy and online fraud. Children may innocently share photographs or personal information about themselves or their families on personal Web pages, when playing games, or in registration forms. Such information could put children at risk from Internet thieves or child predators. To counter these threats, parents and caregivers are primarily responsible for protecting their charges, by supervising their access to cyberspace, coaching children in personal safety and installing parental control software. Schools, public authorities, community groups, Internet service providers, media industries and regulatory bodies also have a responsibility to ensure that children are properly advised on the benefits and perils of cyberspace and equipped with the skills to safeguard themselves. Web Filter to Monitor Child Safety on Internet A Web filter is a program that can screen an incoming Web page to determine whether some or all of it should not be displayed to the user. The filter checks the origin or content of a Web page against a set of rules provided by company or person who has installed the Web filter. A Web filter allows an enterprise or individual user to block out pages from Web sites that are likely to include objectionable advertising, pornographic content, spyware, viruses, and other objectionable content. Vendors of Web filters claim that their products will reduce recreational Internet surfing among employees and secure networks from Web-based threats. Web filters have been around since the early days of the Web and they can play an important role in preventing young children from accessing inappropriate content. But theyre not a replacement for parental involvements. Before installing and configuring a filter, parents need to decide if their child needs to have software controlling how they can use the Internet and, if so, how the filter should be configured. Filters can be a convenient way to keep young children from stumbling onto material that might gross them out or disturb them. Young children generally seek out a limited number of sites, but its certainly possible for them to stumble onto inappropriate ones. The Responsible Party of these Issues Keeping children safe on the Internet is everyones job. Parents need to stay in close touch with their kids as they explore the Internet. Teachers need to help students use the Internet appropriately and safely. Community groups, including libraries, after-school programs, and others should help educate the public about safe surfing. Kids and teens need to learn to take responsibility for their own behavior with guidance from their families and communities. Its not at all uncommon for kids to know more about the Internet and computers than their parents or teachers. If thats the case in your home or classroom, dont despair. You can use this as an opportunity to turn the tables by having your child teach you a thing or two about the Internet. Ask her where she likes to go on the Internet and what she thinks you might enjoy on the Net. Get your child to talk with you about whats good and not so good about his Internet experience. Also, no matter how Web-literate your kid is, you shoul d still provide guidance. You cant automate good parenting. Just as adults need to help kids stay safe, they also need to learn not to overreact when they find out a child or teenager has been exposed to inappropriate material or strayed from a rule. Whatever you do, dont blame or punish your child if he tells you about an uncomfortable online encounter. Your best strategy is to work with him, so you both can learn from what happened and figure out how to keep it from happening again. The challenges posed by the Internet can be positive. Learning to make good choices on the Internet can serve young people well by helping them to think critically about the choices they will face. Today its the Internet; tomorrow it may be deciding whether its safe to get into the car of someone a teen meets at a party. Later it will be deciding whether a commercial offer really is too good to be true or whether it really makes sense to vote for a certain candidate or follow a spiritual guru. Learning how to make good choices is a skill that will last a lifetime. References: N.a. (2005) 90% sekolah layari laman lucah. Utusan Malaysia. 27th July Livingstone, S. (2002). Young People and New Media, Childhood and the changing media environment, London: SAGE Publications,p 2. Abdul Malek, Yusri. (2004). Laman Web-Rogol-Boleh pengaruhi remaja jadikan kanak-kanak mangsa seks ganas. Op cit., n. 12. Syahirah Abdul Shukor (2006). Protecting Children s Rights in the Internet: Challenges A Preliminary Study Based on the Malaysian Experience, UK: Keele University, Staffordshire. Educational Cyber Playground (1997), Internet Safety Rules For Parents learn how to keep children safe on the Internet.

Two different concepts of power and authority

Two different concepts of power and authority Power and authority are two different concepts but they are closely related.Power is completely different from authority because power is needed in order to establish authority.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Power is defined as ability of individuals or groups to get what they want despite the opposition. Power is derived from a variety of sources including knowledge, experience and environmental uncertainties (Denhardt et al, 2001). It is also important to recognize that power is specific to each situation. Individuals or groups that may be entirely powerful in one situation may find themselves with little or no power in another. The manager of Super Fine Pty Ltd, who is my Dad, is a perfect example. In running the company, he can exercise the managerial power to run the company. Power is difficult to measure and even to recognize, yet it plays a major role in explaining authority. In organizations, power is most likely exercised in situations where the stakes are high, resources are limited, and goals and processes are unclear (Denhardt et al, 2001). The absence of power in organizations forces us to rely on soley hierarchical authority.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When power becomes legitimate, it is then recognized as authority (Denhardt et al, 2001). Power becomes authority when it is accepted and even desired by society. As stated by the course study notes, authority refers to a situation where a person (or group) has been formally granted a leadership position. An individual has authority when everyday norms and regulations support the exercising of power by that individual. In an organizational setting, authority is hierarchal and vested in positions, which are defined by organizational charts, positions and rules. Generally, power in authority also involves the possibility of rewards such as promotions and good performance reviews. The negative side of this is that it also presents the possibility of punishments, such as disciplinary actions and demotions. Power by way of authority is a more formal form of power. Authority figures within an organization are granted a level of power which individuals must comply with. Power in Organizations:- Power is the ability of one person to influence another. They can use this power to become leaders and to manage businesses. Power also brings influence on the behavior and attitudes of other people. This can be applied to customers and/or suppliers. The demand for power is common among the business world. There is a difference in power and authority. Only people who hold formal positions have authority, whereas all people at any level of an organized company have the power to influence other people. Authority is power. It is power on another level. Power is obvious and understood, while authority is vested in a particular position. An example of such a position of authority would be the CEO of a company or a GM. The distinguishing aspect however lies between the position and the need to become more powerful. Where there is power, there are also consequences that go along with it. It depends on how the power is used and to whom it is inflicted. The consequences range from a number of general effects. There are three specific examples of this. They are commitment, compliance, and resistance. Power is the stronghold for the three fold outcome that is brought on through consequences. Commitment:- Commitment can be as simple as following through with the task at hand or lack thereof. It is best defined in this way, when the followers welcome the influence process and accept it as reasonable and legitimate. Commitment can be shown through an employees ability to complete the task they are given by the person with more power than they possess. They will change their ideals to match that of the higher authority. If the CEO of a company says that his proposal is going to change, in the mind of the employee, they agree to change theirs as well. The employees, or people of lower authority, believe in the success of the company, they are fully committed the leaders ideas. The outcome of commitment is accepting without a doubt that whatever the leader says goes. Compliance:- Compliance determines asking someone to do something or perform a job, but they are not committed to it. They go along with their leader simply because they have to; it is party of their job. They could be doing it out of fear that they may fail or become jobless if they do not follow through. What sort of leader wants their co-workers to appear weak and not as dedicated as they should be? That is why the business leaders of the world want the best they can get? No boss wants to ask twice or to complain about an employee who, to put it simply, just doesnt care enough. Resistance:- Resistance defines when people do not actively agree with their leader or authority figure and passively resist it. This can affect their efficiency as a worker and can set a poor example for the rest of the employees around them. They can set a low standard of thinking that they do not have to do the job because there are other people who can do it instead. They may have the mindset that they are superior or too busy to deal with something that they do not fully agree with. This particular consequence is crucial to the reputation and status of the employee within the company. Relationship between power and leadership:- One important factor within power and leadership is the distribution of power. In organizations today, they feel that concentrated power can be detrimental to an organizations performance. When I say this I mean that more equal power should be distributed throughout the company, bringing about a higher performance in an organizations operating systems, to make decisions. Power should be equally distributed throughout, with the exception of the authority figures. If companies didnt have CEOs or managers, there would be too many power starving people and much more chaos. They keep the business flow organized. They make sure that their employees follow through with their jobs and support the businesss purpose. Within distribution of power, there are differences in the ways cultures view its importance. For example, in some cultures the implementation of power sharing is likely to face more obstacles in a culture where sub ordinance do not rely heavily on their superiors.refrence This is contrary to the common culture that most of us know in our world. For example, in the United States, people would be more likely to respond to managers that they favour or take liking to. On the contrary, people in overseas countries would be more likely to follow directions that are given by managers who have authentic power or authority. This goes to show how cultural influence has not only an obvious affect, but a psychological one as well. It can propose ideas that need to be honored because the culture believes that it is a better way of doing things. They believe that if they perform a certain way, they are doing things the best way. Within power in leadership, I have stated the reasons and consequences that appear most relevant. In most companies, the want for power is greatly desired. The more powerful one individual is, the more successful and respected they become. They have a greater influence to the people who follow them, who are looking for a way to find a safe position of status. They need to feel that they are efficient enough to do their job and to make sure people see that quality in them. Sources of power within leadership:- Sources of power are part of the second focal point within power and leadership. There are five genuine sources of power. They are legitimate power, reward power, coercive power, expert power, and referent power. All of these prove to be valid in getting a deeper insight to the sources of power. The second aspect within sources of power is using individual sources of power. Sources are described below as follows:- Legitimate power: Legitimate power is based on person holding a formal position. Others may comply because they accept the legitimacy of the position of the power holder. it is going to have the most fulfillments out of all other powers. It is better described as having power, but abilities to give rewards and punishments are limited. Once leaders lose their position of authority, they lose their influential meaning for others. Reward power:- Reward power is based on a persons access to rewards. Others comply because they want the rewards the power holder can offer.Once the access to the rewards or punishment is taken away by the organization, people start to resist the leader and his demands. This by far is one of the worst powers to orchestrate your company due to the potential resistance level of the employees situation. Coercive power:- Coercive power is determined by persons ability to punish. Others comply because they fear punishment.It also has the potential reaction for resistance. Punishment serves as an intimidator in this case. Fear of punishment is not the same as respect of authority. Employees are more likely to resist when they know that they will be punished because it takes away their dignity and respect for themselves in a working environment. Expert power:- Expert power depends on a persons expertise, competence, and information in a certain area. Others comply by, they believe in the power holders knowledge and competence. This power shows as having a potential reaction in the compliance area. If a leader proves to be educated and well trained in an area of business, the employees will abide and follow his wants and demands. If not however, the drive to succeed and meet the demands is absent. Referent power:- Referent power is influenced by persons attractiveness to find a friendship with others. Others comply because they respect and like the power holder. This type of power has the best potential for committed employees. They agree with their surroundings and the people who hold authority over them. It is not like an intimidating or difficult work place, but one that agrees with their skills and beliefs. When the superior and employee get along and hold a relationship that is positive, it accounts for a mutual understanding of the business requirements. Along with these five sources, there is the individual source and how it is used. Influence comes into play because it is related to power. Power brings about change in compatibility. Powerful leaders could or could not influence subordinates behaviors, or influence can occur without a specific source of power. Personal appeal depends on referent power and usually occurs with co-workers. This is likely to relate to commitment. Inspiration and influence persuade workers, while superiors moderate their organizations. There are different ways of the power to come from either internal or external. It stems forth from great leadership skills and a dependable foundation. To form the analysis of why there is power, there are five sources which are tied in Dark side of power:- The dark side of power is the major phase within leadership. There are different reasons of it which brings consequences and solutions that go along with it. This does not mean that all power is used with the same mind set. Some is used for the common welfare of all people, while other forms are one sided. Basically the grey side of power is when leaders succeed at the employees expense. Without accountability, excessive power brings many negative consequences. Too much power is blamed for different spoils, ranging from financial waste, fraud and sexual harassment. Some of the causes such dark side comes from leaders, who create the distance from others. They put their abilities up on a pedestal, portraying their view of themselves as being superior to others around them. One of the biggest causes power addiction is due to too much praise of the leader for simple things, flattering that the leader is always right. Another is when the leader imposes his thought above all others, considering his junior is incapable because whatever he says goes. A prime example of such a corruption is allowing a retired CEO to come back and receive benefits and all of the company incentives, while stepping down from the CEO position. Consequences of dark side of power:- There are also some consequences of dark side of the power. On a general level, having a distance from others in the organization itself leads to poor decision making because they lack the information needed to make good judgments. Another consequence of excessive power is a sense of immorality; they consider themselves subject to different rules than their subordinates which creates unethical and illegal behavior in leaders while expecting their subordinates to follow instruction at every cost. One last consequence is the devaluing to followers. Jeopardizing their self-worth to better the superiors standings is another way to put it. This can result in an overly assumed sense of control that makes the follower feel weak and incompetent. Some of the solutions are that could narrow the gap between followers and leaders is to involve them in day-to-day activities, minimizing the followers dependency on the leader, and involving outsiders in decision making. These things can help up to some extent to prevent excessive centralization of power and abuse. Through the causes, consequences, and solutions associated with the dark side of power, discussion can be evaluated for many things. They are just three ways to divide what the dark side of power actually is and who culprit is associated with it. Once deeper understanding about the dark side of power has gained, preventions and modifications can be implemented to deter these things from coming between a leader and a follower. Everyone wants to become a leader to have a superiority complex and respect by other subordinates. Being leader and a superior is great fulfillment to our self-esteem due to the reason that power to control over things and demand of whatever we want and we gain respect from the others. But we must put in our mind that being a leader, it is not an easy to perform by everyone. The essence of being a leadership is to come down at subordinates level and listen to them in order to inspire in working. As a leader they must see it that they are accessible and available all the time to their subordinates. Effective leader:-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To become an effective leader, a leader should possess some skills in managing their people. These skills include communication, trustworthy and confidence. Leader must provide clear instructions to their subordinates and provide some insights about the nature of their work, let them know about the worth of their work for the organization and how they will be able to contribute the progress of their institution or their company. Good leaders are not born, they are made. They must undergo a process of thorough self-examining, education, training and experience, it helps them to make their subordinates in determining their work and become focus in everything they do. In these processes the teamwork will be enhanced. The leaders must also know and aware of some specific things in order to make him an effective leader.  He should have the understanding about the difference between leader and a boss, where being a leader his follower aim high to achieve the goal while being a boss the s ubordinates will become intimidate and not able to give their best.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leadership is applicable to all aspects as long there are group that are working together. A group must have a leader in order to have there is a systematic flow of organizations. In applying effective leadership into a certain institution like managing or running a school, there must be a leader who will guide the people in their doing and to have a systematic outcome.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a school culture, leadership is very important for the reason that they are molding the next generation leader. For which, effective leadership skills, the headmasters must be capable enough in handling their subordinates. Where the headmasters must be approachable and available at all time moreover being a leader they should segregate the information to their subordinates having clear instructions. With this proper communication, the subordinates will be able to give their best. For instance, if there is conflict arising between of their subordinates it can easily fix through a proper counseling in that case it will not become bigger. Furthermore, if there are any complaints from the students it can easily figure out.   With regards to this situation the subordinates will be competing with each other but instead they are working as teamwork. Conclusion:- Through an effective leadership it will make the subordinates to become responsible and independent to work their job. Having an effective leadership of a certain management it attracts lots of competent people applying in different position, in this case it will uplift the standard of an institution that there are lots of people will be trusting them and gain respect which is a fulfillment of being a leader where we can learn a lesson that is worth to keep. Refrences:- Yung-Shui, Wang, and Huang Tung-Chun. 2009. THE RELATIONSHIP OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP WITH GROUP COHESIVENESS AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE. Social Behavior Personality: An International Journal 37, no. 3: 379-392. Yukongdi, Vimolwan. 2010. A study of Thai employees preferred leadership style. Asia Pacific Business Review 16, no. 1/2: 161-181 Kanji, Gopal K. 2008. Leadership is prime: How do you measure Leadership Excellence?. Total Quality Management Business Excellence 19, no. 4: 417-427 Belaya, Vera, and Jon Henrich Hanf. 2009. The two sides of power in business-to-business relationships: implications for supply chain management. Marketing Review 9, no. 4: 361-381. Bunderson, J. Stuart. 2003. TEAM MEMBER FUNCTIONAL BACKGROUND AND INVOLVEMENT IN MANAGEMENT TEAMS: DIRECT EFFECTS AND THE MODERATING ROLE OF POWER CENTRALIZATION. Academy of Management Journal 46, no. 4: 458-474 Ingram, Thomas N., Raymond W. LaForge, and Jr., Charles H. Schwepker. 2007. SALESPERSON ETHICAL DECISION MAKING: THE IMPACT OF SALES LEADERSHIP AND SALES MANAGEMENT CONTROL STRATEGY. Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management 27, no. 4: 301-315. Denhardt, R.B, Denhardt, J.V. Aristigueta M.P. (2001). Managing Human Behavior in Public and Nonprofit Organization. Sage Publications. Thousand Oaks, CA. Global leadership and personal power by Jeffrey grandz- iveybusiness journal.

Comparing Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now Essay -- Movie Film com

Parallels in Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In the interpretation and comparison of Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now there begins to unfold a list of similarities that can be linked to Arturian legend, particularly the quest of the grail. Marlow, or Willard can be viewed as the knight who has been sent on a mythic quest, the specific task being the recovery or assassination of Kurtz, the mythic god-man linked to the Fisher King in Arthurian romance. Conrad specifically modeled his novel on these legends, while Coppola expanded on the concept, using Conrad as a stepping off point and drawing from J.G. Frazer's The Golden Bough and J. Weston's From Ritual to Romance. I will examine the questers purpose for traveling into the heart of darkness, a void in the midst of a burgeoning jungle that has become a fecund waste land. View the quester as he comes in contact with a mysterious god-man or divine king whose own demise has contributed to the demise of the surrounding atmosphere, and how Marlow, and in turn Willar d, deal with this figure, known as Kurtz. Finally I will discuss why Apocalypse Now fails as a recreation of Conrad's Heart of Darkness. top The Task of the Hero In Arthurian legend a certain task is placed, or rather imposed upon the grail hero, whether that hero be Gawain, Perceval, or Galahad. He sets out on a journey with no clear idea of the task before him, except that he, at the bidding of King Arthur, must find the grail, and that he is taking the place of a mysterious knight that set out before him but was killed. The quest of the grail eventually gives way, as the story unfolds, to the knights healing of the Fisher King (the watcher of the grail), who has fallen gravely ill and w... ... sun beats, And the dead tree gives us no shelter, the cricket no relief, And the dry stone no sound of water. Only There is shadow under this red rock, (Come in under the shadow of this red rock), And I will show you something different from either Your shadow at morning striding behind you Or your shadow at evening rising to meet you; I will show you fear in a handful of dust. (Eliot)    Works Cited Conrad, Joseph Heart of Darkness, New York, Penguin Books 1983 Weston, Jessie L. From Ritual to Romance, New Jersey, Princeton Press 1993 Frazer, James G. The Golden Bough(abridged version), New York, Macmillian Publishing Company, 1950 Malory, Sir Thomas. Le Morte d'Arthur, Oxford Press, 1967 Eliot, T.S. The Waste Land and Other Poems, New York, London, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, 1988      

Comparing Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead and Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead and Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy In 1967, Tom Stoppard wrote his famous play, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead after getting the idea while watching a production of Hamlet. Four years later, Douglas Adams got the idea for his Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy while lying drunk in a field in Innsbruck, Austria. In 1978, he would use this idea to produce a BBC radio show, which would be published as a novel in 1979. How can these two works be compared in their use of satire and cynicism? There are many instances of satire in Adams' Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Adams begins his novel by describing the sun and goes on to say, "Orbiting this at a distance of roughly ninety-eight million miles is an utterly insignificant little blue-green planet whose ape-descended life forms are so amazingly primitive that they still think digital watches are a pretty neat idea." (1) By saying this, Adams shows that he does not think much of how humans are using technology, or their intelligence because they are so amazed by something fairly simple. According to Whissen, "Adam's message . . . is that too much thinking about things like the vastness of eternity and space and time can drive one mad. But instead of worrying about it, he takes control of it." (113) By presenting actual numbers, Adams puts the earth into the universe's perspective. Though humans tend to make themselves the center of the universe, they are actually a small insignificant speck in everything. Adams goes on to explain more about the humans and their plight. "Most of the people living on it were unhappy for pretty much of the time. Many solutions were suggested for this problem, but most of these were largely concerned with the movements of small green pieces of paper, which is odd because . . . it wasn't the small green pieces of paper that were unhappy." (1) While making a joke about humans and their general discontentedness, Adams takes a different look at the monetary system. People feel that money will make them happy, but it does not really work. Money is constantly being moved, yet that is not what is unhappy. People try to change other things to make themselves happy, but by this, Adams is suggesting that people should try to change themselves, rather than everything else.

Coca cola marketing strategies Essay

1.1  Marketing management Marketing is about meeting needs of target markets profitably. The key to professional marketing is to understand their customers’ real needs and meet them better than any competitor can. 1.1:DEFINITION OF MARKETING : Marketing is a social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and values with others. (Philip Kotler) Marketing is the analysis, planning, implementation, and control of carefully formulated programs designed to bring about voluntary exchanges of values with target markets for the purpose of achieving organizational objectives. It relies heavily on designing the organization’s offering in terms of the target markets’ needs and desires, and on using effective pricing, communication, and distribution to inform, motivate, and service the markets. (Philip Kotler) Definition of American Marketing Association: Marketing (Management) is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. Marketing management has the task of influencing the level, timing, and composition of demand in a way that help the organization achieve its objectives. Marketing management is essentially demand management. Marketing managers manage demand by carrying out marketing research, planning, implementation and control. Within marketing planning, marketers must make decisions on target markets, market positioning, product development, pricing, distribution channels, physical distribution, communication, and promotion. Marketing work in the customer market is formally carried out by sales managers, salespeople, advertising and promotion manages, marketing researchers, customer service managers, product and brand managers, market and industry managers, and the marketing vice-president KEY POINTS: a) Managerial Process involving analysis, planning and control. (The view of marketing as social process is not of interest to us as managers) b) Carefully formulated programs and not just random actions. (A charity organization sending volunteers out to collect money – this is not marketing, it is selling) c) Voluntary exchange of values; no use of force or coercion. Offer benefits. (A Museum, seeking members, tries to design a set of benefits that are appealing to potential members.) d) Selection of Target Markets rather than a quixotic attempt to win every market and be all things to all men. e) Purpose of marketing is to achieve Organizational Objectives. For commercial Sector it is profit. For non-commercial sector, the objective is different and must be specified clearly. Market : A market consists of all the potential customers sharing a particular need or want who might be willing and able to engage in exchange to satisfy that need or want. Marketers: When one party is more actively seeking an exchange than the other party, we call the first party a marketer and the second party a prospect. A marketer is someone seeking one or more prospects who might engage in an exchange of values. A prospect is someone whom the marketer identifies as potentially willing and able to engage in an exchange of values. Marketers do not create needs. Marketers influence wants. Marketers influence demand by making the product appropriate, attractive, affordable, and easily available to target consumers. They also communicate their offering to prospects. Society influences wants. People living in different societies prefer different types of food items, different types of apparel and even different types of jewellery. A product is anything that can be offered to satisfy a need or want. Offering and solution are synonyms to the product in marketing context. A product or offering can consist of as many as three components: physical good(s), service(s), and idea(s). Value is the consumer’s estimate of the product’s overall capacity to satisfy his or her needs. Marketers offer value to a consumer when the satisfaction of customer’s requirements takes place at the lowest possible cost of acquisition, ownership, and use. Marketing management: Marketing management takes place when at least one party to a potential exchange thinks about the means of achieving desired responses from other parties. The Marketing Concept The marketing concept holds that the key to achieving organizational goals consists of being more effective than competitors in integrating marketing activities toward determining and satisfying the needs and wants of target markets. The marketing concept rests on four pillars: target market, customer needs, integrated marketing, and profitability. Target market No company can operate in every market and satisfy every need. Nor can it always do a good job within one broad market. Customer needs Some marketers draw a distinction between responsive marketing and creative marketing. A responsive marketer finds a stated need and fills it. A creative marketer discovers and produces solutions that customer did not ask for but to which they enthusiastically respond. Integrated Marketing When all the company’s department’s work together to serve the customer’s interests, the result is integrated marketing. Integrated marketing takes on two levels. First, the various marketing functions-sales force, advertising, product management, marketing research, and so on – must work together. Second must be well coordinated with other company departments. The company is doing proper marketing only when all employees appreciate their impact on customer satisfaction. To foster teamwork among all departments, the company carries out internal marketing as well as external marketing. External marketing is marketing directed at people outside the company. Internal marketing is the task of successfully hiring, training, and motivating employees who want to serve the customers well. In fact internal marketing must precede external marketing. It makes no sense to promise excellent service before the company’s staff is ready to provide excellent service. Profitability The ultimate purpose of the marketing concept is to help organizations achieve their goals. In the case of private firms, the major goal is profit. Marketing managers have to provide value to the customer and profits to the organization. Marketing managers have to evaluate the profitability of all alternative marketing strategies and decisions and choose most profitable decisions for long-term survival and growth of the firm. Marketing Concept of Coca cola: The basic proposition of Coke’s business is simple, solid and timeless. When Coca cola bring refreshment, value, joy and fun to their stakeholders, then they successfully nurture and protect their brands, particularly Coca-Cola that is the key to fulfilling our ultimate obligation to provide consistently attractive returns to the owners of our business. Target market Coke’s commercials basically based on young generation it is the target market of coke because they want to represent Coke with the youth and energy but they also consider about the old people they then as a co-target market. Major segments Major segments are basically those people who take this drink daily and those areas where the demand is higher than the other areas. There are so many people who take this drink daily and those people who take weekly and those who take this drink daily and those people who take weekly and those who take less often are always there as well. So, their basic segments are those people who take this drink regularly. Factor affecting sales There are so many factors, which affects the sale of coke. Here we are discussing three major factors which effects coke. Per capita income Competitors Weather Per capita income- First we will discuss about â€Å"Per capital income†. This is major factor that affects the sale of this soft drink. Because which every passing year budgets are becoming very strict and tight in order to purchase things. So the disposable incomes of the people are coming down. They spend heavily on rents, utilities, and basic necessities and after that when they get extra money they think about this soft drink. So the decreasing per capital income effects badly in selling and production of this soft drink. Competitors- Coke’s major competitor is â€Å"PEPSI† and there is no hesitation to say this because, everyone knows that and all the other cold drinks, water, coffee, tea is the competitors. Weather- Weather is the third major factor in effecting the Coke’s selling. In underdevelopment market so the coke’s consumption in summers is 60% and in winters is 40%. Major Customers Need: First of all the majority don’t care that what they are going to have. In other words, they don’t care before drinking that whether it is â€Å"Pepsi† or Coke. They don’t actually differentiate between these two brands in order to their tastes. Consumers basically drink what they get. They believe on â€Å"What Cold they sold†. Consumer’s availability in brands is basically works like Push availability Pull Consumer demand For this reason, Coca-Cola has provided their coolers & freezers in the market. They have maximum number of coolers and freezers in the market. They provide this infrastructure free of cost just to provide child coke to their consumer, which they want to be purchases. The salesman & Mechanics regularly visit all the shops where coke has its infrastructure to check that either it is in proper condition or not, if not then they immediately change or repair it. 1.2 TOPIC RELATED CONCEPTS 1.2.1FLAVOURS OF CANS AVAILABE IN INDIA The Coca-Cola company offers almost all its carbonated drinks in the form of cans for the convenience of the customers both in product satisfaction and pricing. The company is always looking to innovate and come up with , either complete new flavours or new form of cans. The following are available in cans in India. IN COLA SECTION Coca-cola, diet Coke and thumbs up are available in 330 ml priced at Rs.20 per can.Coca- Cola is the original cola, diet coke is introduced with less than 1 caloroie, and thumbs up is know for its strong fizzy taste and its cofident, mature and uniquely masculine attitude. This brand clearly seeks to separate the men from the boys. IN LEMON SECTION Lime n lemoni Limca can cast a tangy refreshing spell on anyone, any where. Limca has livd up to its promise of refreshment and has been the original thurst choice of millions of consumers for over 3 decades. Sprite, a global leader in the lemon lime category, is the second largest sparkling beverage brand in India. IN ORANGE SECTION Internationally, Fanta the ‘orange’ drink of the Coca-cola company, is seen as one of the favorite drinks since 1940’s. Fanta entered the Indian market in the year 1993. Over the years Fanta has occupied a strong market place and is identified as ‘The Fun Catalyst’. 1.2.2 AVAILABILITY OF FIT CANS Coca-Cola fit cans are available in 330ml quantity of various flavours such as Coke, Diet Coke, Thumbs up, Sprite, Limca priced at Rs.20 per can. Cans are mostly available in super markets, hypermarkets as customers prefer them to grab them while shopping or take away home. Chapter 2 METHODOLOGY OF STUDY 2.1 NEED OF THE STUDY To know the various strategies adopted by the company. To know the performance and effect of the schemes on retailers perception. This will help the company to give the new schemes in the peak seasons like in summer to increase sale of glass bottles and juice mobile bottles. 2.2OBJECTIVES OF STUDY The main objective of this Fit Cans project is to study the sale of cans in the market. To advertise the various products of the company. To find out the present sales status of Fit Cans i.e. Thumsup, Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite, Limca, Fanta, at the retail outlets in the area. To collect data from retailers for the analysis and to know the opportunities where there can be more sale. To ensure the availability and visibility of the product. 2.3SCOPE OF THE STUDY By this study company can know its sales. This study helps the company to know the actual sales and position of cans in the market. This study helps the company to modify its distribution strategy of the fit cans. The study helps to find out the problems faced by retailers & distributors. 2.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This project is helpful to find out the sale trends of the coke products and its effect on consumer value and satisfaction. This study provides an insight to the company that what kind of strategy must be adopted in order to increase the sales and satisfaction o the consumer. This project directly deals with the interaction of different kind of retailers. 2.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research includes the study which was descriptive in nature. It basically aims about how Coca-Cola fit cans are doing in the market. The study includes two methods- (a)PRIMARY (b)SECONDARY Primary includes the following ways- †¢Observation †¢Survey The data was collected through a structured questionnaire. 2.5 Sampling plan Sampling unit: Owners of the retail outlets. Sampling size: 76 OUTLETS Population : 100 OUTLETS Sampling procedure: Simple Random sampling Chapter 3 INDUSTRY PROFILE AND ORGANISATION POFILE 3.1 BEVERAGE ITS CONCEPTUAL ANALYSES Definition of Beverage A drink, or beverage, is a liquid specifically prepared for human consumption. In addition to basic needs, beverages form part of the culture of human society. Types of Beverage Water Despite the fact that most beverages, including juice, soft drinks, and carbonated drinks, have some form of water in them; water itself is often not classified as a beverage, and the word beverage has been recurrently defined as not referring to water. Essential to the survival of all organisms, water has historically been an important and life-sustaining drink to humans. Excluding fat, water composes approximately 70% of the human body by mass. It is a crucial component of metabolic processes and serves as a solvent for many bodily solutes. Health authorities have historically suggested at least eight glasses, eight fluid ounces each, of water per day (64 fluid ounces, or 1.89 liters), and the British Dietetic Association recommends 1.8 litters. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has determined that the average adult actually ingests 2.0 liters per day. Alcoholic Beverages An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry the definition of an alcohol includes many other compounds. Alcoholic beverages, such as wine, beer, and liquor have been part of human culture and development for 8,000 years. Non-alcohol Beverages Non-alcoholic beverages are drinks that would normally contain alcohol, such as beer and wine but are made with less than .5 percent alcohol by volume. The category includes drinks that have undergone an alcohol removal process such as non-alcoholic beers and de-alcoholized wines. Non-alcoholic Variants: a. Low alcohol beer b. Non-alcoholic wine c. Sparkling cider Soft Drinks The name â€Å"soft drink† specifies a lack of alcohol by way of contrast to the term â€Å"hard drink† and the term â€Å"drink†, the latter of which is nominally neutral but often carries connotations of alcoholic content. Beverages like colas, sparkling water, iced tea, lemonade, squash, and fruit punch are among the most common types of soft drinks, while hot chocolate, hot tea, coffee, milk, tap water, alcohol, and milkshakes do not fall into this classification. Many carbonated soft drinks are optionally available in versions sweetened with sugars or with non-caloric sweeteners. Hot Beverages Hot beverages, including infusions. Sometimes drunk chilled. Coffee-based Beverages Cappuccino Coffee Espresso Cafà © au lait Frappà © Flavored coffees (mocha etc.) Latte Hot Chocolate Hot Cider Mulled cider Tea-based Beverages Flavored teas (chai etc.) Green tea Pearl milk tea Tea Herbal Teas Roasted Grain Beverages Other: Some substances may either be called food or drink, or accordingly be eaten with a spoon or drunk, depending on solid ingredients in it and on how thick it is, and on preference: Soup Yogurt (Greenhalgh, Alison) 3.2 INDUSTRY PROFILE Industry Overview The soda drink and bottled water industry in the US includes about 3,000 companies that manufacture and distribute beverages, with combined annual US revenue of $70 billion. Coca-Cola and PepsiCo hold more than 50 percent of the market, following strong consolidation in the past decade. Only a few other companies have annual revenue above $500 million. Most are local or regional manufacturing and bottling operations with annual revenue under $100 million. Competitive Landscape Demand for non-alcoholic beverages is driven by consumer tastes and demographics. The profitability of individual companies depends on effective marketing. Large manufacturers have economies of scale in production and distribution, with average annual revenue per production worker close to $1 million. Small companies can compete by producing new products, catering to local tastes, or selling at lower prices. Products, Operations & Technology Nonalcoholic beverages include sodas (carbonated soft drinks, or CSD), bottled waters, juices, and a large variety of mixtures. Sodas account for about 60 percent of the market. The manufacture and distribution of most  national soda brands, including Coke and Pepsi, is a two-tiered process. The primary manufacturer produces flavored syrup called concentrate that is sold to local bottlers who manufacture and distribute the finished product. In a typical bottling operation, the flavored syrup, corn syrup (sugar), and filtered water are mixed in appropriate proportions, carbon dioxide gas is injected, and the finished soda product is poured into bottles or cans, which are capped, labeled, and packaged.(Beverage Manufacture and Bottling:2008). HISTORY Soft drinks can trace their history back to the mineral water found in natural springs. Bathing in natural springs has long been considered a healthy thing to do; and mineral water was said to have curative powers. Scientists soon discovered that gas carbonium or carbon dioxide was behind the bubbles in natural mineral water. The first marketed soft drinks (non-carbonated) appeared in the 17th century. They were made from water and lemon juice sweetened with honey. In 1676, the Companied Lemonades of Paris were granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft drinks. Vendors would carry tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink to thirsty Parisians. PACKING INNOVATIONS: By the mid-1800s, soft drinks sold in Canada were packaged in 8-ounce (227.2 ml) round-bottom bottles for about 25 cents a dozen, except ginger beer, which was sold in draught form from wooden kegs. Wired cork closures were used until about 1884 with Codd’s Patented Globe Stoppers (25 types in all). Such closures were replaced by the Hutcheson Spring Stopper. The crown cap was introduced around 1905 and improved versions are still widely used, although they are gradually being replaced, especially on larger containers, with reclosable screw caps. Other packaging innovations since the mid-1960s include canned carbonated beverages, nonreturnable glass bottles and containers made from rigid plastics. However, an effort is being made, often through provincial legislation, to increase the use of returnable glass containers. The Soft Drink Bottling Industry Over 1,500 U.S. patents were filed for a cork, cap, or lid for the carbonated drink bottle tops during the early days of the bottling industry. Carbonated drink bottles are under a lot of pressure from the gas. Inventors were trying to find the best way to prevent the carbon dioxide or bubbles from escaping. In 1892, the â€Å"Crown Cork Bottle Seal† was patented by William Painter, a Baltimore machine shop operator. It was the first very successful method of keeping the bubbles in the bottle. Automatic Production of Glass Bottles In 1899, the first patent was issued for a glass-blowing machine for the automatic production of glass bottles. Earlier glass bottles had all been hand-blown. Four years later, the new bottle-blowing machine was in operation. It was first operated by the inventor, Michael Owens, an employee of Libby Glass Company. Within a few years, glass bottle production increased from 1,500 bottles a day to 57,000 bottles a day. Home-Packs and Vending Machines During the 1920s, the first â€Å"Home-Packs† were invented. â€Å"Home-Packs† are the familiar six-pack beverage carrying cartons made from cardboard. Automatic vending machines also began to appear in the 1920s. The soft drink had become an American mainstay. (Inventors: 2003). Milestones of Industry: In the industry’s early years the number of carbonated-beverage plants increased steadily, most serving small regional markets. In 1929 the industry was made up of 345 production plants and the value of shipments reached $12.3 million. By 1960 the number of plants had increased to 502 and the value of sales to $172.7 million. Subsequently, consolidation began, prompted by improved production, packaging and distribution facilities. By 1973, 337 plants were in production and the value of shipments was $484 million. In 1985, with sales of about $1.8 billion, the industry had 187 plants in production. Production volume has also increased dramatically: in 1939, soft-drink bottlers produced about 162 million litres of carbonated beverages; by 1967, production passed 758 million litres; in 1986, shipments were estimated at over 2.1 billion litres; and in 1998 that figure rose to 3.5 billion litres. A Timeline of soft drink invention: 1798 The term â€Å"soda water† first coined. 1810 First U.S. patent issued for the manufacture of imitation mineral waters. 1819 The â€Å"soda fountain† patented by Samuel Fahnestock. 1835 The first bottled soda water in the U.S. 1850 a manual hand & foot operated filling& corking device, first used for bottling soda water. 1851 Ginger ale created in Ireland. 1861 The term â€Å"pop† first coined. 1874 The first ice-cream soda sold. 1876 Root beer mass produced for public sale. 1881 The first cola-flavored beverage introduced. 1885 Charles Aderton invented â€Å"Dr Pepper† in Waco, Texas. 1886 Dr. John S. Pemberton invented â€Å"Coca-Cola† in Atlanta, Georgia. 1892 William Painter invented the crown bottle cap. 1898 â€Å"Pepsi-Cola† is invented by Caleb Bradham. 1899 The first patent issued for a glass blowing machine, used to produce glass bottles. 1913 Gas motored trucks replaced horse drawn carriages as delivery vehicles. 1919 The American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages formed. 1920 The U.S. Census reported that more than 5,000 bottlers now exist. Early 1920’s The first automatic vending machines dispensed sodas into cups. 1923 Six-pack soft drink cartons called â€Å"Hom-Paks† created. 1929 The Howdy Company debuted its new drink â€Å"Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Sodas† later called â€Å"7 up†. Invented by Charles Leiper Grigg. 1934 Applied color labels first used on soft drink bottles, the coloring was baked on the face of the bottle. 1952 The first diet soft drink sold called the â€Å"No-Cal Beverage† a gingerale sold by Kirsch. 1957 The first aluminum cans used. 1959 The first diet cola sold. 1962 The pull-ring tab first marketed by the Pittsburgh Brewing Company of Pittsburgh, PA. The pull-ring tab was invented by Alcoa. 1963 The Schlitz Brewing company introduced the â€Å"Pop Top† beer can to the nation in March, invented by Ermal Fraze of Kettering, Ohio. 1965 Soft drinks in cans dispensed from vending machines. 1965 The resealable top invented. 1966 The American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages renamed The National Soft Drink Association. 1970 Plastic bottles are used for soft drinks. 1973 The PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) bottle created 1974 The stay-on tab invented. Introduced by the Falls City Brewing Company of Louisville, KY. 1979 Mello Yello soft drink is introduced by the Coca Cola Company as competition against Mountain Dew. 1981 The â€Å"talking† vending machine invented. (Mary Bellis: 2005) BEVERAGE INDUSTRY IN INDIA: A BRIEF INSIGHT In India, beverages form an important part of the lives of people. It is an industry, in which the players constantly innovate, in order to come up with better products to gain more consumers and satisfy the existing consumers. BEVERAGE INDUSTRY IN INDIA The beverage industry is vast and there various ways of segmenting it, so as to cater the right product to the right person. The different ways of segmenting it are as follows: Alcoholic, non-alcoholic and sports beverages Natural and Synthetic beverages In-home consumption and out of home on premises consumption. Age wise segmentation i.e. beverages for kids, for adults and for senior citizens Segmentation based on the amount of consumption i.e. high levels of consumption and low levels of consumption. If the behavioral patterns of consumers in India are closely noticed, it could be observed that consumers perceive beverages in two different ways i.e. beverages are a luxury and that beverages have to be consumed occasionally. These two perceptions are the biggest challenges faced by the beverage industry. In order to leverage the beverage industry, it is important to address this issue so as to encourage regular consumption as well as and to make the industry more affordable. Four strong strategic elements to increase consumption of the products of the beverage industry in India are: The quality and the consistency of beverages needs to be enhanced so that consumers are satisfied and they enjoy consuming beverages. The credibility and trust  needs to be built so that there is a very strong and safe feeling that the consumers have while consuming the beverages. Consumer education is a must to bring out benefits of beverage consumption whether in terms of health, taste, relaxation, stimulation, refreshment, well-being or prestige relevant to the category. Communication should be relevant and trendy so that consumers are able to find an appeal to go out, purchase and consume. The beverage market has still to achieve greater penetration and also a wider spread of distribution. It is important to look at the entire beverage market, as a big opportunity, for brand and sales growth in turn to add up to the overall growth of the food and beverage industry in the econom Market Structure Product Variation Company Share (%) Cola Drinks: Thumbs Up 29 Coca Cola 25 Pepsi 18 Non Cola Drinks: Fanta 9 Mirinda 8 Limca 9 Overall Colas 62 Lemon: Cloudy 7 Clear 3 Orange 17 Mango 3 Soda 8 Indian Product Range Flavour Ingredients Pack Product Company Cola Cola Flavour carbonated water sugar 200Ml. 300Ml. 500Ml. 1 Litre 1.5 Litre 2 Litre Coke, Thumsup RC Pepsi Coca-Coal RC cola Pepsi Orange Orange Flavour + Carbonated Water+ Sugar 200Ml. 300Ml. 500Ml. 1 Litre 1.5 Litre 2 Litre Fanta Mirinda Coca-Cola Pepsi Fruit Juice Mango Pulp+ Treated water+ sugar 250 ML Maaza Minute Maid Pullpy Orange Slice Tropicana Appy Fizz Real Coca-Cola Pepsi Appy Fizz Dabur Cloudy Lemon Lemon Flavour + Carbonated Water+ Sugar 3 200Ml. 300Ml. 500Ml. 1 Litre 1.5 Litre 2 Litre Limca LMN Mirinda Lemon Nimbooz Coca-Cola Parle agro Pepsi Clear Lemon Lemon Flavour+ Carbonated Water + Sugar 200Ml. 300Ml. 500Ml. 1 Litre 1.5 Litre 2 Litre Sprite 7’Up Dew Coca-Cola Pepsi HISTORY OF CARBONATED BEVERAGES IN INDIA: India with population of more than 100 crores is potentially one of the largest consumer markets in the world after China. The consumer market can be defined as the market for products and services that are purchased by individuals as households goods for their personal consumption. Soft drink  is a typical consumer product purchased by individuals to quench thirst and secondly for refreshment. Searching for the point of Indian soft drinks we first document on Gold Spot, this was the first brand soft drink in India. It was introduced by PARLE during later part of 40’s. Cola giant, Coca-Cola was the first foreign soft drink to be introduced in India in 1965, Coca-Cola make a very good beginning and dominated the whole scheme right from the word go. It (Coca-Cola) faced no competition at that time. COCA COLA entered India in the year 1993 in collaboration with PARLE INDIA LTD. Three of four groups of Indians companies who had the required production capacity started their own brands of Cola, Lemon, Orange, but failed to achieve their goal on a national basis. India always has love and hate relationship with MNC’s which gave a significant opportunities to soft drink industries in India when Coca-Cola decided to windup its operation in 1977 rather than bowing to the Indian government insisting on:- Dilution of equity, as the government felt that lots of foreign currency was being wasted. Manufacturing of the top-secret concentration in India. Disclose of the chemical composition of the essence. This left a large vacuum in the popular soft drink market, and a vista was opened to any company with the requisite, technical, marketing and organizational skills. The exit of Coca-Cola from India in 1977 accelerated the growth of several Indian Soft Drink. New soft drink in the form of Tetra pack entered the market among Frooti, Jump-In and Treetop were the prominent once. Till 1977 their equipped bottling plants and the distribution network a longing to be of no use. It took them one year to develop new formula to survive and gradually came up with Campa, Lemon, Orange and Cola that order. CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AND POTENTIAL OF MARKET: The majority of urban and suburban Indians consume non-alcoholic store bought beverages â€Å"less than once a day† suggesting a large untapped market potential. In order to increase consumption and penetration of such beverages however, manufacturers will have to address the two primary reasons why some Indians abstain entirely, that is, health concerns and undesirable taste – as highlighted in Boston Analytics’ survey of 8300 people across 15 cities. Approximately 120 billion liters of beverages are consumed by Indians every year, but only 5% represent store-bought packaged beverages. The majority of Indian consumers (75%) still consume non-alcoholic store-bought beverages ‘less than once a day’, highlighting a large untapped market opportunity, particularly in the carbonated drinks and juice or juice-based markets (estimated to be worth $1.5 Billion and $.25 billion respectively). While consumption frequency decreases with age, it is found to increase with income levels, except in the top-most economic strata of society. Health concerns remain the primary reason for not consuming non-alcoholic store-bought beverages at all. Yet of the 40+ brands covered in Boston Analytics’ study, none held a definitive position in this regard either positively or negatively. Boston Analytics’ study also revealed that 29% of those who consume non-alcoholic store bought beverage beverages do so at a fixed time during the day, suggesting that carbonated beverages have become a part of life for a significant portion of the Indian consumer market. Product taste is the primary driver of brand choice for carbonated, juice-based and sports/energy drinks. While consumptions patterns are somewhat similar across different tiered cities, reasons for not consuming non-alcoholic store bought beverages vary considerably. This study has implications for both the marketing and product development of carbonated, juice based and sports/energy drinks. Significant opportunities exist for manufacturers to expand these markets through both greater consumption and greater penetration. There are numerous initiatives which manufacturers, distributors and marketers can take in order to increase their market share in these product categories. For example: o Non-alcoholic beverage brands do not appear to be positioning themselves or differentiating themselves along the brand attributes that matter most to consumers in terms of product/brand selection and reasons for consuming and/or not consuming As with most product categories in India, consumption behavior and preferences differ dramatically across cities in India. While  Tier 1 cities (or the largest metros in India) report the highest consumption, significant differences exist among these cities, e.g., in terms of the time of day store-bought non-alcoholic beverages are consumed, preferred brands for carbonated beverages, reasons for consuming a particular product type, etc.). Such differences demonstrate the need for carefully targeted marketing campaigns that appeal to the needs, behaviors and preferences of local communities. TRENDS: Top Carbonated Beverages Industry Trends Consolidation: With overall growth of the beverage market slow, national companies have grown through overseas sales and acquisitions. Coca-Cola now owns 20 major beverage brands, PepsiCo 15. Cott, the largest private-label soda maker, has grown in recent years through the acquisition of local bottlers. Brand Management To distinguish their products from the large number of available competitors, manufacturers have relied heavily on using familiar brand names for new products. For example, Coca-Cola now comes in several different versions that are sugar- or caffeine-free or both, but all under the Coca-Cola label. Gatorade and Tropicana orange juice are now available in many different versions. PepsiCo has agreements with Starbucks and Lipton to use their brand names on new beverages. Private-Labels Amid the perception by consumers that colas don’t taste different, private-label sodas continue to be popular with budget-minded consumers and local supermarkets. Even though they’re priced lower than national brands, private-label sodas have higher margins for grocers because they’re cheaper to produce and don’t have heavy marketing costs. Cott has a large share of the private-label market, mainly because it supplies Wal-Mart, the nation’s biggest retailer. Economies of Scale Coca-Cola bottlers in North America have started an independent company expected to save money by giving them greater leverage in negotiations for contracts with suppliers and giant retailers. Projections indicate it could save about $100 million over the next few years through centralized bulk purchases of various goods from aluminum cans to vending machines. The company will also deal with major customers, such as Safeway, which now deals with several different bottlers. Packaging To increase convenience and consumption, beverage manufacturers are constantly experimenting with new product packaging. Coca-Cola introduced new packaging that conveniently fits 12 cans or bottles on a refrigerator shelf. The Fridge Pack was first used by a regional bottler, which saw sales of 12-packs increase 25 percent with the new packaging. In addition to Coke, the bottler has also applied the concept to Dasani water bottles. 3.3 Coca-Cola industry profile: COMPANY PROFILE: Coca-Cola, the product that has given the world its best-known taste was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on May 8, 1886. Coca-Cola Company is the world’s leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, used to produce nearly 400 beverage brands. It sells beverage concentrates and syrups to bottling and canning operators, distributors, fountain retailers and fountain wholesalers. The Company’s beverage products comprises of bottled and canned soft drinks as well as concentrates, syrups and not-ready-to-drink powder products. In addition to this, it also produces and markets sports drinks, tea and coffee. The Coca- Cola Company began building its global network in the 1920s. Now operating in more than 200 countries and producing nearly 400 brands, the Coca-Cola system has successfully applied a simple formula on a global scale: â€Å"Provide a moment of refreshment for a small amount of money- a billion times a day.† The Coca-Cola Company and its network of bottlers comprise the most sophisticated and pervasive production and distribution system in the world. More than anything, that system is dedicated to people working long and hard to sell the products manufactured by the Company. This unique worldwide system has made The Coca-Cola Company the world’s premier soft-drink enterprise. From Boston to Beijing, from Montreal to Moscow, Coca-Cola, more than any other consumer product, has brought pleasure to thirsty consumers around the globe. For more than 115 years, Coca-Cola has created a special moment of pleasure for hundreds of millions of people every day. (Source: www.Coca-Colaindia.com) OBJECTIVE OF COMPANY: The Company aims at increasing shareowner value over time. It accomplishes this by working with its business partners to deliver satisfaction and value to consumers through a worldwide system of superior brands and services, thus increasing brand equity on a global basis. They aim at managing their business well with people who are strongly committed to the Company values and culture and providing an appropriately controlled environment, to meet business goals and objectives.(Source: www.Coca-Colaindia.com) COCA-COLA PERFORMANCE IN INDIA Net operating revenues for the 4th quarter 2009 were 7,5 billion USD. Strong volume growth was achieved in key emerging markets, with 29% in China, 20% in India, and 8% in Brazil. Coca-Cola could achieve good volume growth even in developed markets, namely in France with 12% and in Germany with 3%. PRODUCTS OF COCA COLA: 1. Coca Cola 2. Thums up 3. Limca 4. Fanta 5. Sprite 6. Mazaa Competitors 1. Pepsi 2. Mirinda 3. Mountain due 4. Appy fizz 5. Tropicana Competion from substitutes 1. Fruit juices of unorganised market 2. Coconut 3. Mineral water TIME LINE TOF COCA COLA ORIGIN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Year 1894: A modest start for a bold idea In a candy store in Vicksburg, Mississippi, brisk sales of the new fountain beverage called Coca-Cola impressed the store’s owner, Joseph A. Biedenharn. He began bottling Coca-Cola to sell, using a common glass bottle called a Hutchinson. Biedenharn sent a case to Asa Griggs Candler, who owned the Company. Candler thanked him but took no action. One of his nephews already had urged that Coca-Cola be bottled, but Candler focused on fountain sales. Year 1899: The first bottling agreement Two young attorneys from Chattanooga, Tennessee believed they could build a business around bottling Coca-Cola. In a meeting with Candler, Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead obtained exclusive rights to bottle Coca-Cola across most of the United States for a sum of one dollar. A third Chattanooga lawyer, John T. Lupton, soon joined their venture. Years 1900-1909: Rapid growth The three pioneer bottlers divided the country into territories and sold bottling rights to local entrepreneurs. Their efforts were boosted by major progress in bottling technology, which improved efficiency and product quality. By 1909, nearly 400 Coca-Cola bottling plants were operating, most of them family-owned businesses. Some were open only during hot-weather months when demand was high. In the 1920s and 1930s: International expansion Led by Robert W. Woodruff, chief executive officer and chairman of the Board, the Company began a major push to establish bottling operations outside the U.S. Plants were opened in France, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Belgium, Italy and South Africa. By the time World War II began, Coca-Cola was being bottled in 44 countries. In the 1940s: Post-war growth During the war, 64 bottling plants were set up around the world to supply the troops. This followed an urgent request for bottling equipment and materials from General Eisenhower’s base in North Africa. Many of these war-time plants were later converted to civilian use, permanently enlarging the bottling system and accelerating the growth of the Company’s worldwide business. In the 1950s: Packaging innovations For the first time, consumers had choices of Coca-Cola package size and type-the traditional 6.5 ounce Contour Bottle, or larger servings including 10, 12 and 26 ounce versions. Cans were also introduced, becoming generally available in 1960. In the 1960s: Introduction of new brands Sprite, Fanta, Fresca and TAB joined brand Coca-Cola in the 1960s. Mr. Pibb and Mello Yello were added in the 1970s. The 1980s brought diet Coke and Cherry Coke, followed by PowerAde and Fruitopia in the 1990s. Today scores of other brands are offered to meet consumer preferences in local markets around the world. In the 1970s and 1980s: Consolidation to serve customers Advancement in technology led to global economy, retail customers of The Coca-Cola Company merged and evolved into international mega chains. Such customers required a new approach. In response, many small and medium-size bottlers consolidated to better serve giant international customers. The Company encouraged and invested in a number of bottler consolidations to assure that its largest bottling partners would have capacity to lead the system in working with global retailers. In the 1990s: New and growing markets Political and economic changes opened vast markets that were closed or underdeveloped for decades. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Company invested heavily to build plants in Eastern Europe. As the century closed, more than $1.5 billion was committed to new bottling facilities in Africa. 21st Century: Coca-Cola today The Coca-Cola bottling system grew up with roots deeply planted in local communities. This heritage serves the Company well today as consumers seek brands that honor local identity and the distinctiveness of local markets. As was true a century ago, strong locally based relationships between Coca-Cola bottlers, customers and communities are the foundation on which the entire business grows. COCA-COLA: VISION VISION FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTH PROFIT: Maximizing return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. PEOPLE: Being a great place to work where people are  inspired to be the best they can be. PORTFOLIO: Bringing to the world a portfolio of beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy peoples’ Desires and needs. PARTNERS: Nurturing a winning network of partners and building mutual loyalty. PLANET: Being a responsible global citizen that makes a difference. COCA-COLA: MISSION Create consumer products services and communications customers service and bottling system strategy process and tools in order to create competitive advantage and deliver superior value to- Consumers as a superior beverage experience. Consumers as an opportunity to grow profit through the use of finished drinks. Bottlers as an opportunity to make reasonable to grow profits and value added Suppliers as an opportunity to make reasonable when creating real value added in environment of system wide teamwork, flexible business system and continuous improvement. Indian society in form of contribution to economic and social development. RED CONCEPT: RED stands for Right Execution Daily. It is a survey method for the company to know their position in the market. ABOUT RED: To check the availability of the visi cooler provided by the company to the retail outlets for their products. To check the activation in various outlets. To check the branding order of the various products in the cooler. Survey has done in the four topics- Impurity Brand Order Availability Activation IMPURITY: There should be no impurity in the visi cooler of the company. Impurity here refers to that brand which is presented in the visi cooler other than coke’s product. Therefore no other product of any other company should be in the cooler. BRAND ORDER: The company has given a brand order to the market developers to arrange the different brands in a specific order in the cooler. The order should be in such a way- Thumsup Coca cola Sprite Limca Fanta Maaza Kinley Pet & Juice AVAILABILTY: Availability is done according the type of outlet. There are four type of outlet mentioned below. According to this market developer has to ensure the availability of the products in the particular outlet. ACTIVATION: Activation is important because it helps to boost the sales of the company. It is done through the Glow sign, Shelf display, flanges. Combo boards, Table tops .This boards usually gives to the E&D outlets .It helps to attract the customers. Rack with header is provided to the grocery stores. Market developer must ensure that all these activation elements must available at all the outlets. VARIOUS ACTIVATION ELEMENTS: 1. WARM DISPLAY RACK 2. SHELF DISPLAY SHELF DISPLAY DISPLAY OF RACK VISI COOLER OPTIONAL ELEMENTS:- 1. STANDEE 2. SIX MOBILE HANGER 3. VISI COOLER BRAND STRIP 4. WARM DISPLAY RACK 5. TABLE TOP RACK TYPES OF OUTLETS: The company has divided their outlets on the basis of the following criteria- Volume Channel Income group VOLUME There are four types of outlets according to the volume of sales of the outlet- Platinum – 1500 & above per year Diamond – 800-1500C/s & above per year Gold – 500-799C/s per year Silver – 200-499C/s per year Bronze – above 7C/s 9C/s 20C/s 30C/s CONCEPT OF RED: Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt.Ltd. India division Under Eurasia Operating Group has been working on RED i.e. Right Execution Daily Since JAN 2006.Coca-Cola company believes that its success depends on their ability to connect with consumer by providing them with a wide variety of choices to meet their desires, needs and lifestyles choices, company success further depends on the ability of their people by execute effectively every day. MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF RED: To measure the impact of Right Execution Daily (RED) a survey (RED AUDIT) is done by third party (a consultant) every month. Third party conducts a survey by visiting all the RED activated outlets and benchmarks it on the prescribed Merchandising standards of RED. A monthly report is send to Hindustan Coca- Cola Beverages Private Limited. The report is called as To create the Red Report third party asks a set of question from the retailers which are as follows: Related to Visicooler: Is Cooler in the Hot Spot Location? Does it have all the products of Coca-Cola available? Is the display of the Coca-Cola display of the products in a standard such as sprite, Thums up, Maaza, Fanta and Limca†,) Is cooler working properly? Is the cooler pure? Related to Price Communication: Is there proper price display of the products? Related to product availability: All the brands should be present in the every distribution channel but main concern is that 300 ml should be present in the every channel and 600 ml and 1.5 liters per bottles should be present in the Eating and. drinking, convenience and Grocery shop. .PRE SALE CONCEPT This is a new concept by the company. In this concept company takes order one day before and then delivers the product to each route. So this gives more time to market developer to assure RED. This concept has so many advantages- This gives more time to the market developer for the activation & branding purpose. By this company can easily implement the RED concept in better way. Presale concept makes assure of more availability of the products in the market. This concept is easy in processing. By this concept market developer can arrange the product in better way. The Company can display its products in proper way so that customers can attract towards it. Chapter 4 Analysis of data 4.1 MARKET SHARE OF CANS Q.1 Which cans are more demanded by customers? Table no. 4.1 Type of can Respondents Percentage Coca-Cola 70 70 Pepsi Slim can 30 30 Total 100 100 Chart no.4.1 INTERPRETATION: From the above table It can be said that Coca-Coca fit cans has 70% market share where as Pepsi slim cans has only 30% market share. 4.2 ORDER PLACING Q.2 How many cases of cans do you order Table no. 4.2 No. Of cases Respondents Percentage 0.5-1 70 70 1-2 15 15 2-5 10 10 5& above 5 5 Total 100 100 Chart no. 4.2 INTERPRETATION: From the above table it can be said that 70% of retailers are placing order of 0.5-1 case, 15 % are placing 1-2 cases, 10% are placing 2-5 cases and 5 % are placing 5 and above cases of order. 4.3 EFFECT OF CHANGE IN PRICE AND QUANTITY ON CANS Q.3 Does the change in price and quantity of fit cans increase sales? Table no. 4.3 Opinion Respondents Percentage Yes 80 80 No 15 15 Cant say 5 5 Total 100 100 Chart no.4.3 INTERPRATATION: From the above chart we can say that 80% of retailers said that change in price and quantity have effect on sales of cans, 15% of them did not agree and 5 % of them said they cannot say. 4.4 MARKET DEMAND FOR VARIOUS FLAVOURS OF CANS Q.no.4 Which flavor of cans are more sold Table no.4.4 Flavour Respondents Percentage Coca-Cola 12 12 Diet Coke 20 20 Thumbs up 45 45 Sprite 8 8 Limca 8 8 Fanta 5 5 Total 100 10 Chart no. 4.4 INTERPRETATION: From the above chart we can say that thumbs up has 45% market share, diet coke has 20%, coke has 12% , fanta has 8%, and both sprite and limca has 8% respectively. 4.5 CHANNEL WISE AVAILABILITY Q.no.5 Channel wise availability of cans? Table no. 4.5 Type of channel Respondents Percentage Convenince 10 10 E&D-2 15 15 Grocery-1 65 65 Travel 10 10 Total 100 100 Chart no.4.5 INTERPRETATION: From the above chart we can say that 65% fit cans are available in Grocery-1, 15% in E&D-2, 10% in convenience, 10% in travel. 4.6 VPO WISE AVAILABILITY Q.no.6 VPO availability of cans?. Table no.4.6 Volume per outlet Respondents Percentage Platinum 45 45 Diamond 30 30 Gold 15 15 Silver 8 8 Bronze 2 2 Total 100 100 Chart no.4.6 INTERPRATATION: From the above chart we can say that 45% of cans are available in Platinum outlets, 30% in Diamond outlets, 15% in Gold outlets, 8% in Silver outlets and 2% in Bronze outlets. 4.7 NON RED OUTLETS AVAILABILITY Q no. 7 Availability of cans in non red outlets Table no. 4.7 Non red outlets Respondents Percentage Own cooler 20 20 Shared with Competitor 80 80 Total 100 100 Chart no. 4.7 INTERPRATATION: From the above chart we can say that in non red outlets 80% of them are shared with competitor, and 20% of them have own cooler. 4.8 FLOOR STOCK AT THE OUTLET Q no.8 No. of cases of floor stock maintained at the outlet Table no.4.8 Chart no. 4.8 INTERPRETATION: From the above chart we can say that 75% of retailers are maintaing 0.5-1 case of floor stock, 10% are maintaining 1-5cases of floor stock, and 15% are not maintaining any floor stock. Chapter 5 FINDINGS SUGGESTIONS& CONCLUSION 5.1FINDINGS: Coca-Cola had a very high customer awareness and demand. Retailers are very much satisfied with market developers behavior. Retailers are not allowing market developers to keep visi-coolers pure There are some loyal customer who prefer selling only Coca-Cola. 5.2 SUGGESTIONS: More promotional offers have to be introduced. Coca-Cola Fit cans should be promoted more in order to increase the sales. New schemes should be introduced for retailers in order to promote Fit cans. Market developers should be given some amount which can be used to provide credit facility to some retailers. Coolers should be provided in petrol bunks so that it will generate impulse purchase as traffic will be more in petrol bunks like siripuram h.p. The Company employees should make direct contact with the consumers, so that they may aware with  real situation of the market and consumers attitude towards the product. For this they can arrange awareness camps in different locations like recently they gave free  cokes in beach road Floor stock must be maintained so that consumers can enjoy continous supply. 5.3 CONCLUSION: This project is playing a very important role for the company. With the help of this project, company can know its opportunities in the market. Because in this project the survey is done by interacting with different kinds of people by which the attitude towards the product can be known. All the activation elements like maintainance of floor stock, rack display, standees etc must be available at all outlets . All these elements help the company in increasing the sales. Definitely when sales increase then profits also increases. With the help of this project company has increased its sale and also company can measure or check the performance of each retailers working with COCA COLA COMPANY. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS: A. Philip Kotler (2009), â€Å"Marketing Management† Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, Eleventh Edition. B. Bellur and Berkman (1987), â€Å"Readings in Marketing Management† Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi, First Edition. C. Samars and Barmer Stanton â€Å"Fundamentals of Marketing† Mc Graw Hill Company, Ryerson, Eight Edition. D. Gupta and Rajan Nair (2002), â€Å"Marketing Management† Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi, Seventh EditionPhilip Kotler (2009), â€Å"Marketing Management† Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, Eleventh Edition. E. Bellur and Berkman (1987), â€Å"Readings in Marketing Management† Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi, First Edition. F. Samars and Barmer Stanton â€Å"Fundamentals of Marketing† Mc Graw Hill Company, Ryerson, Eight Edition. WEBSITES http://www.articlesbase.com/customer-service-articles/importance-of-customer-satisfaction-3242170.html http://www.coca-cola.com http://www.chemuturi.com/Measuring%20Customer%20Satisfaction-CMK.pdf http://www.google.com http://www.ko.com http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com http://www.wikipedia.org ANNEXURE QUESTIONNAIRE ON COCA-COLA FIT CANS 1.Which cans are more demanded by customers? a)Coca-cola fit can b)Pepsi slim can 2.How many cases of cans do you order? a)0.5-1 case b)1-2 case c)2-5 case d)5&above 3.Does the change in price and quantity of fit can increase sales? a)Yes b)No 4.Which flavour of cans are more sold? a)Coca-cola b)Thumps up c)Fanta d)Sprite e)Diet coke f)Limca 5.Channel wise availaibility? a)cConvenience b)E&D c)Grocery d)Travel-1 6.Volume per outlet wise availability? a)Platinum b)Diamond c)Gold d)Silver e)Bronze 7.Non RED outlet availability? a)Own cooler b)Competitor but shared 8.Floor stocks at the outlet? a)1case b)1-5case c)Nil